Pulmonary Thrombosis and Thromboembolism in COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease responsible for the devastating pandemic that began at the end of 2019, has been associated with a significantly increased risk of pulmonary thrombosis, even in patients receiving prophylactic anticoagulation. The predilection for thrombosis in COVID-19 may be driven by at least two distinct, but interrelated, processes: a hypercoagulable state responsible for large vessel thrombosis and thromboembolism, and direct vascular and endothelial injury responsible for in situ microvascular thrombosis. The presence of pulmonary thrombosis may explain why hypoxemia is out of proportion to impairment in lung compliance in some patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Because pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia share many signs and symptoms, diagnosing pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 can be challenging. Given the high mortality and morbidity associated with severe COVID-19, and the concern that aspects of the disease may be driven by thrombosis, many hospital systems have instituted aggressive anticoagulation protocols above standard venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. In this review, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 pulmonary thrombosis and thromboembolism are discussed.