Oxidative Stress in Neutrophils: Implications for Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications.

Significance: Neutrophil behavior and function are altered by hyperglycemia associated with diabetes. Aberrant activation by hyperglycemia causes neutrophils to respond with increased production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Excess ROS, a signature of primed neutrophils, can intracellularly induce neutrophils to undergo NETosis, flooding surrounding tissues with ROS and damage-associated molecular patterns such as S100 calcium binding proteins (S100A8/A9). The cargo associated with NETosis also attracts more immune cells to the site and signals for increased immune cell production. This inflammatory response to diabetes can accelerate other associated conditions such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recent Advances: As the prevalence of diabetes continues to grow, more attention has been focused on developing effective treatment options. Currently, glucose-lowering medications and insulin injections are the most widely utilized treatments. As the disease progresses, medications are usually stacked to maintain glucose at desired target levels, but this approach often fails and does not effectively reduce cardiovascular risk, even with the latest drugs. Critical Issues: Despite advances in treatment options, diabetes remains a progressive disease as glucose lowering alone has failed to abolish the associated cardiovascular complications. Future Directions: Significant interest is being generated in developing treatments that do not solely focus on glucose control but rather mitigate glucotoxicity. Several therapies have been proposed that target cellular dysfunction downstream of hyperglycemia, such as using antioxidants to scavenge ROS, inhibiting ROS production from NOX, and suppressing neutrophil release of S100A8/A9 proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 652-666.