Phylogenetic uncertainty and the inference of patterns in community ecology and comparative studies.

Progress in phylogenetic community ecology is often limited by the availability of phylogenetic information and the lack of appropriate methods and solutions to deal with this problem. We estimate the effect of the lack of phylogenetic information on the relations among taxa measured by commonly used phylogenetic metrics in comparative studies and community ecology, namely: Blomberg's K phylogenetic signal, Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity (PD), Mean Phylogenetic Distance (MPD) and Mean Nearest Taxon Distance (MNTD). To overcome this problem, we tested two possible solutions: Polytomic trees and Operational trees. Our results show that the effects on K values strongly depended on the level of phylogenetic signal. In the case of the community metrics, the effects were insensitive to the patterns of species distribution in the communities. Community metrics tended to be overestimated with both Polytomic and Operational trees, but the overestimation was higher with Polytomic trees. PD and MPD metrics were less biased than MNTD metric. We show that the lack of phylogenetic resolution is not necessarily problematic for all analyses and that its effect will depend on the chosen metric and on the solutions used to deal with the problem. Based on our results, we suggest that ecologists should prefer the Operational tree solution to remove polytomies in the phylogenetic tree and take careful consideration while designing experiments, and analyzing and interpreting the results of phylogenetic metrics.