Lesley D O'Brien1, Terry L Smith2, Giulia Donvito1, Benjamin F Cravatt3, Jason Newton4, Sarah Spiegel4, Thomas M Reeves2, Linda L Phillips2, Aron H Lichtman1,5. 1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. 2. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. 3. Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. 4. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. 5. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Abstract
Background: The endogenous cannabinoid system modulates inflammatory signaling in a variety of pathological states, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The selective expression of diacylglycerol lipase-β (DAGL-β), the 2-arachidonylglycerol biosynthetic enzyme, on resident immune cells of the brain (microglia) and the role of this pathway in neuroinflammation, suggest that this enzyme may contribute to TBI-induced neuroinflammation. Accordingly, we tested whether DAGL-β-/- mice would show a protective phenotype from the deleterious consequences of TBI on cognitive and neurological motor functions. Materials and Methods: DAGL-β-/- and -β+/+ mice were subjected to the lateral fluid percussion model of TBI and assessed for learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) Fixed Platform (reference memory) and Reversal (cognitive flexibility) tasks, as well as in a cued MWM task to infer potential sensorimotor/motivational deficits. In addition, subjects were assessed for motor behavior (Rotarod and the Neurological Severity Score assays) and in the light/dark box and the elevated plus maze to infer whether these manipulations affected anxiety-like behavior. Finally, we also examined whether brain injury disrupts the ceramide/sphingolipid lipid signaling system and if DAGL-β deletion offers protection. Results: TBI disrupted all measures of neurological motor function and reduced body weight, but did not affect body temperature or performance in common assays used to infer anxiety. TBI also impaired performance in MWM Fixed Platform and Reversal tasks, but did not affect cued MWM performance. Although no differences were found between DAGL-β-/- and -β+/+ mice in any of these measures, male DAGL-β-/- mice displayed an unexpected survival-protective phenotype, which persisted at increased injury severities. In contrast, TBI did not elicit mortality in female mice regardless of genotype. TBI also produced significant changes in sphingolipid profiles (a family of lipids, members of which have been linked to both apoptotic and antiapoptotic pathways), in which DAGL-β deletion modestly altered levels of select species. Conclusions: These findings indicate that although DAGL-β does not play a necessary role in TBI-induced cognitive and neurological function, it appears to contribute to the increased vulnerability of male mice to TBI-induced mortality, whereas female mice show high survival rates irrespective of DAGL-β expression.
Background: The endogenous cannabinoid system modulates inflammatory signaling in a variety of pathological states, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The selective expression of diacylglycerol lipase-β (DAGL-β), the 2-arachidonylglycerol biosynthetic enzyme, on resident immune cells of the brain (microglia) and the role of this pathway in neuroinflammation, suggest that this enzyme may contribute to TBI-induced neuroinflammation. Accordingly, we tested whether DAGL-β-/- mice would show a protective phenotype from the deleterious consequences of TBI on cognitive and neurological motor functions. Materials and Methods: DAGL-β-/- and -β+/+ mice were subjected to the lateral fluid percussion model of TBI and assessed for learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) Fixed Platform (reference memory) and Reversal (cognitive flexibility) tasks, as well as in a cued MWM task to infer potential sensorimotor/motivational deficits. In addition, subjects were assessed for motor behavior (Rotarod and the Neurological Severity Score assays) and in the light/dark box and the elevated plus maze to infer whether these manipulations affected anxiety-like behavior. Finally, we also examined whether brain injury disrupts the ceramide/sphingolipid lipid signaling system and if DAGL-β deletion offers protection. Results: TBI disrupted all measures of neurological motor function and reduced body weight, but did not affect body temperature or performance in common assays used to infer anxiety. TBI also impaired performance in MWM Fixed Platform and Reversal tasks, but did not affect cued MWM performance. Although no differences were found between DAGL-β-/- and -β+/+ mice in any of these measures, male DAGL-β-/- mice displayed an unexpected survival-protective phenotype, which persisted at increased injury severities. In contrast, TBI did not elicit mortality in female mice regardless of genotype. TBI also produced significant changes in sphingolipid profiles (a family of lipids, members of which have been linked to both apoptotic and antiapoptotic pathways), in which DAGL-β deletion modestly altered levels of select species. Conclusions: These findings indicate that although DAGL-β does not play a necessary role in TBI-induced cognitive and neurological function, it appears to contribute to the increased vulnerability of male mice to TBI-induced mortality, whereas female mice show high survival rates irrespective of DAGL-β expression.
Authors: Tamar Farfel-Becker; Einat B Vitner; Samuel L Kelly; Jessica R Bame; Jingjing Duan; Vera Shinder; Alfred H Merrill; Kostantin Dobrenis; Anthony H Futerman Journal: Hum Mol Genet Date: 2013-09-24 Impact factor: 6.150
Authors: Andreu Viader; Daisuke Ogasawara; Christopher M Joslyn; Manuel Sanchez-Alavez; Simone Mori; William Nguyen; Bruno Conti; Benjamin F Cravatt Journal: Elife Date: 2016-01-18 Impact factor: 8.140