Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor in the pericardium-a focus on imaging findings: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are rare, sporadic malignant tumors of the peripheral nervous system, bone, or soft tissues. However, to the best of our knowledge, only three cases of PNET in the pericardium have been reported in the English literature, and their magnetic resonance imaging findings have not previously been described. CASE
SUMMARY: A 3-year-old boy was hospitalized with a 1-wk history of recurrent vomiting and weakness. Detailed history-taking revealed no evidence of heart disease. Computed tomography demonstrated a soft tissue mass in the left pericardial cavity with heterogeneous contrast enhancement. The border between the mass and the heart was poorly defined. Thoracotomy revealed a mass invading the left ventricle, with a high risk of bleeding. The mass was considered inoperable. A biopsy was performed, and the histological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of primary PNET of the pericardium. The patient received four cycles of standard chemotherapy. Chest magnetic resonance imaging 3 mo after the initiation of chemotherapy revealed that the tumor in the pericardium still existed, but its volume had slightly decreased. The patient was lost to follow-up, and the final outcome was therefore unknown.
CONCLUSION: Medical imaging plays an important role in defining the pericardial origin of PNET and understanding its characteristics. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide more information on the tumor than computed tomography and may thus aid therapeutic planning. ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are rare, high-grade malignant tumors derived from neural crest cells exhibiting neuroectodermal differentiation. Primary PNET in the pericardium is extremely rare. We present the case of a primary pericardial PNET in a 3-year-old boy, with an emphasis on the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. This case adds to the literature on pericardial PNET and provides the first report of the magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of this type of tumor.

INTRODUCTION

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are rare, high-grade malignant tumors derived from neural crest cells and exhibiting neuroectodermal differentiation. PNETs occur sporadically in the peripheral nervous system, bone, or soft tissues; however, primary PNET in the pericardium is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, only three cases of PNET in the pericardium have been reported in the English literature to date[1-3], and their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have not previously been described. We present the case of a primary pericardial PNET in a 3-year-old boy, with an emphasis on the computed tomography (CT) and MRI findings.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 3-year-old boy was hospitalized with a 1-wk history of recurrent vomiting and weakness.

History of past illness

A detailed history-taking revealed no evidence of heart disease.

Physical examination

Physical examination showed jugular vein distension and positive hepatojugular reflux.

Imaging examinations

Chest radiography (Figure 1) showed an enlarged, flask-shaped cardiac silhouette, suggesting pericardial effusion. A small amount of effusion was also detected in the right pleural cavity. Plain CT scan showed pericardial effusion and an indefinite soft tissue density mass in the left pericardial cavity (Figure 2A). The mass was heterogeneously enhanced after intravenous administration of contrast medium (Figure 2B and 2C). The border between the mass and the heart was poorly defined. A coronary artery branch was detected passing through the mass (Figure 2B). Other CT findings included right pleural effusion and displacement of the heart to the right side (Figure 2C). CT findings thus indicated a malignant tumor, but no conclusive diagnosis could be made regarding its etiology.

Figure 1

Chest radiography of pericardial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a 3-year-old boy. Anteroposterior chest radiography revealed an enlarged, flask-shaped heart shadow, and a small amount of effusion in the right pleural cavity.

Figure 2

Computed tomography images of pericardial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a 3-year-old boy. A: Plain computed tomography scan showed pericardial effusion and an indefinite soft tissue density mass in the left pericardial cavity; B and C: The mass was heterogeneously enhanced after intravenous administration of contrast medium (B and C). A coronary artery branch was detected passing through the mass (B).

Further diagnostic work-up

The patient underwent a thoracotomy with the primary aim of resecting the mass. However, during surgery, the mass was found to be invading the left ventricle and had a rich blood supply, presenting a high risk of bleeding. The mass was therefore considered to be surgically inoperable. Subsequent biopsy was performed and histological examination showed a cellular malignant tumor composed of small, round, uniform cells. These cells were characterized with vesicular nuclei and scanty neoplasm. A few Homer-Wright rosettes with a central core of neuropil were formed. Immunohistochemical results were strongly positive for CD99 and synuclein, but negative for desmin, smooth muscle actin, chromogranin A, leukocyte common antigen, and cytokeratin.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The histological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of primary PNET of the pericardium.

TREATMENT

Following confirmation of the diagnosis, the patient was treated with four cycles of a standard chemotherapy regimen (etoposide d 1-3, cyclophosphamide d 4-5).

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Chest MRI examination (Figure 3) 3 mo after the initiation of chemotherapy revealed that the pleural and pericardial effusions had disappeared. The tumor was still present in the pericardium, but its volume had slightly decreased. The mass showed a heterogeneous signal, mainly slightly hyperintense on T1-weighted images (Figure 3A) and isointense on T2-weighted images (Figure 3B). Intravenous injection of contrast medium showed the mass was inhomogeneous with marked enhancement, with a clear and definite border between the mass and the left ventricle wall (Figure 3C). The left coronary artery branch was shown to be embedded within the mass (Figure 3B), suggesting a pericardial origin of the tumor. The patient was unfortunately lost to follow-up, and his final outcome was therefore unknown.

Figure 3

Magnetic resonance imaging of pericardial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a 3-year-old boy. A and B: The mass showed a heterogeneous signal, mainly slightly hyperintense on T1-weighted images (A) and isointense on T2-weighted images (B). The left coronary artery branch was shown to be embedded within the mass (B), suggesting a pericardial origin of the tumor; C: Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed the mass was inhomogeneous with marked enhancement, with a clear and definite border between the mass and the left ventricle wall.

DISCUSSION

PNETs are rare, high-grade malignant tumors derived from neural crest cells, exhibiting neuroectodermal differentiation. Primary PNETs have been reported in the peripheral nervous system, thymus, lung, bone, heart, adrenal gland, kidney, pancreas, liver, urogenital tract, and uterus[4-9]. However, primary PNET in the pericardium is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, only three cases of primary pericardial PNET have been reported to date[1-3], and none of the reports described MRI findings that might provide useful diagnostic information. In the current report, we presented the case of a 3-year-old boy with a primary pericardial PNET, with an emphasis on the CT and MRI findings. This case provided a significant addition to the literature regarding pericardial PNET, as only the fourth reported case in the English literature and the first to describe the MRI manifestations of the tumor.

The diagnosis of primary pericardial PNET depends on pathological examination and immunohistochemistry. Primary PNET of the pericardium have morphological appearances similar to those arising in other locations[1,9]. PNET belongs to small, round cell malignancies in histomorphology with hyperchromatic nuclei and features of neural differentiation, which typically form either Homer-Wright or Flexner-Winterstein rosettes[1]. It is difficult to differentiate PNET from other small round-cell tumors including malignant lymphoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemical examinations with myogenic, neurogenic, and lymphoid cell markers can rule out many of these tumors[1,2,9]. According to the previous reports, the expression of CD99 (MIC2) and FLI1 are highly specific for PNETs[10]. In our case, the immunohistochemical examination revealed a strong CD99 staining, which is consistent with other reports in the literature.

The imaging findings of PNET arising from cardium or other locations have been described in the previous reports[11,12]. On plain CT images, the majority of PNET lesions showed as ill-defined, irregularly shaped, hypodense masses accompanied with persistent moderate heterogeneous enhancement. The cystic or necrotic changes were frequently observed in larger tumors, which may be due to the rapid growth and lack of blood supply[11]. On MRI images, the tumors generally showed iso- to hypointense T1-weighted signal and intermediate to hyperintense T2-weighted signal. After the administration of intravenous gadolinium, the tumors demonstrated homogeneous to heterogeneous enhancement[12].

Although imaging examinations lack specificity for diagnosing PNET, CT and MRI may reveal the size and location of the tumor and its relationship with the neighboring heart, thus providing valuable information for evaluating and formulating surgical treatment plans. In the current case, CT and MRI both showed a large, solid, heterogeneously enhanced mass circumscribed by a capsule. Compared with CT, MRI was more sensitive for displaying the relationship between the mass and the heart. In addition, the tumor MRI signal was characterized by slight hyperintensity on T1-weighted and iso- to hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. These signal features may relate to the presence of more tumor cells and fewer water molecules in the tumor stroma, indicating the malignant nature of the tumor.

CONCLUSION

We present the fourth reported case of a primary pericardial PNET and the first to describe the MRI manifestations of this type of tumor. The diagnosis of primary pericardial PNET depends on pathological examination and immunohistochemistry. Medical imaging plays an important role in detecting the mass and understanding its characteristics. MRI can provide more information on the tumor than CT and may thus aid therapeutic planning.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We also thank Dr. Zhu J, from the Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, for interpretation of the pathological and immunohistochemical findings.