Lukas Schwingshackl1, Jasmin Zähringer1, Jessica Beyerbach1, Sarah S Werner1, Blin Nagavci1, Helmut Heseker2, Berthold Koletzko3, Joerg J Meerpohl1,4. 1. Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. 2. Department of Sports and Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany. 3. Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, University of Munich Medical Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany. 4. Cochrane Germany, Cochrane Germany Foundation, Freiburg, Germany.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We conducted a scoping review of dietary guidelines with the intent of developing a position paper by the "IUNS Task force on Dietary Fat Quality" tasked to summarize the available evidence and provide the basis for dietary recommendations. METHODS: We systematically searched several databases and Web sites for relevant documents published between 2015 and 2019. RESULTS: Twenty documents were included. Quantitative range intake recommendations for daily total fat intake included boundaries from 20 to 35% of total energy intake (TEI), for monounsaturated fat (MUFA) 10-25%, for polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) 6-11%, for saturated-fat (SFA) ≤11-≤7%, for industrial trans-fat (TFA) ≤2-0%, and <300-<200 mg/d for dietary cholesterol. The methodological approaches to grade the strength of recommendations were heterogeneous, and varied highly between the included guidelines. Only the World Health Organization applied the GRADE approach and graded the following recommendation as "strong": to reduce SFA to below 10%, and TFA to below 1% and replace both with PUFA if SFA intake is greater than 10% of TEI. CONCLUSION: Although the methodological approaches of the dietary guidelines were heterogeneous, most of them recommend total fat intakes of 30-≤35% of TEI, replacement of SFA with PUFA and MUFA, and avoidance of industrial TFA.
INTRODUCTION: We conducted a scoping review of dietary guidelines with the intent of developing a position paper by the "IUNS Task force on Dietary Fat Quality" tasked to summarize the available evidence and provide the basis for dietary recommendations. METHODS: We systematically searched several databases and Web sites for relevant documents published between 2015 and 2019. RESULTS: Twenty documents were included. Quantitative range intake recommendations for daily total fat intake included boundaries from 20 to 35% of total energy intake (TEI), for monounsaturated fat (MUFA) 10-25%, for polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) 6-11%, for saturated-fat (SFA) ≤11-≤7%, for industrial trans-fat (TFA) ≤2-0%, and <300-<200 mg/d for dietary cholesterol. The methodological approaches to grade the strength of recommendations were heterogeneous, and varied highly between the included guidelines. Only the World Health Organization applied the GRADE approach and graded the following recommendation as "strong": to reduce SFA to below 10%, and TFA to below 1% and replace both with PUFA if SFA intake is greater than 10% of TEI. CONCLUSION: Although the methodological approaches of the dietary guidelines were heterogeneous, most of them recommend total fat intakes of 30-≤35% of TEI, replacement of SFA with PUFA and MUFA, and avoidance of industrial TFA.