Eric Andrew Finkelstein1, Jesse D Malkin2, Drishti Baid1, Ada Alqunaibet3, Khaled Mahdi4, Mohammed Bin Hamad Al-Thani5, Buthaina Abdulla Bin Belaila6, Ebrahim Al Nawakhtha7, Saleh Alqahtani8,9, Sameh El-Saharty10, Christopher H Herbst11. 1. Duke-NUS Medical School, Health Services and System Research Program, Singapore, Singapore. 2. World Bank Group Consultant, Colorado Springs, CO, USA. 3. Saudi Public Health Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 4. Supreme Council for Planning and Development, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 5. Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar. 6. Ministry of Health and Prevention, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 7. Bahrain Supreme Council of Heath, Manama, Bahrain. 8. Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 9. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. 10. Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 11. Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
AIMS: To estimate the current burden of seven major noncommunicable diseases on direct medical costs, absenteeism, and presenteeism in the six countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from pre-existing datasets and the literature. We identified seven major noncommunicable diseases for which data were available: coronary heart disease, stroke, type-2 diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, colon cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. We estimated the per unit cost (the annual cost of treating each illness for one person) of each disease, multiplied per unit cost by disease prevalence counts to generate disease-specific costs, and then summed across diseases. We calculated the cost of absenteeism and presenteeism by multiplying the gross domestic product per person in the labor force by the loss in productivity from each disease due to absenteeism and presenteeism, respectively, and the prevalence in the labor force of each disease. RESULTS: We estimate that the direct medical costs of seven major noncommunicable diseases in Gulf Cooperation Council countries are $16.7 billion (2019 International $), equal to 0.6% of gross domestic product. We estimate that absenteeism and presenteeism due to these seven noncommunicable diseases cost 0.5 and 2.2% of gross domestic product, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Our study does not capture all noncommunicable diseases and does not capture all types of indirect costs. Our cost estimates are particularly sensitive to our assumptions regarding type-2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The economic burden of noncommunicable diseases in Gulf Cooperation Council countries is substantial, suggesting that successful preventive interventions have the potential to improve both population health and reduce costs. Further research is needed to capture a broader array of noncommunicable diseases and to develop more precise estimates.
AIMS: To estimate the current burden of seven major noncommunicable diseases on direct medical costs, absenteeism, and presenteeism in the six countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from pre-existing datasets and the literature. We identified seven major noncommunicable diseases for which data were available: coronary heart disease, stroke, type-2 diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, colon cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. We estimated the per unit cost (the annual cost of treating each illness for one person) of each disease, multiplied per unit cost by disease prevalence counts to generate disease-specific costs, and then summed across diseases. We calculated the cost of absenteeism and presenteeism by multiplying the gross domestic product per person in the labor force by the loss in productivity from each disease due to absenteeism and presenteeism, respectively, and the prevalence in the labor force of each disease. RESULTS: We estimate that the direct medical costs of seven major noncommunicable diseases in Gulf Cooperation Council countries are $16.7 billion (2019 International $), equal to 0.6% of gross domestic product. We estimate that absenteeism and presenteeism due to these seven noncommunicable diseases cost 0.5 and 2.2% of gross domestic product, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Our study does not capture all noncommunicable diseases and does not capture all types of indirect costs. Our cost estimates are particularly sensitive to our assumptions regarding type-2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The economic burden of noncommunicable diseases in Gulf Cooperation Council countries is substantial, suggesting that successful preventive interventions have the potential to improve both population health and reduce costs. Further research is needed to capture a broader array of noncommunicable diseases and to develop more precise estimates.
Entities:
Keywords:
Gulf Cooperation Council; I; I1; I10; I19; absenteeism; direct medical costs; noncommunicable diseases; presenteeism
Authors: Khalifa Elmusharaf; Daniel Grafton; Johanna S Jung; Emily Roberts; Yahya Al-Farsi; Ameera Ali Al Nooh; Buthaina Bin Belaila; Amin ElShamy; Hamoud Al-Zuabi; Kholood Ateeq Al Mutawa; Shadha Alraisi; Najla Al Lawat; Ali Gharbal; Shaker Alomary; Alexey Kulikov; Nasim Pourghazian; Slim Slama; Dudley Tarlton; Nicholas Banatvala Journal: BMJ Glob Health Date: 2022-06
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