Literature DB >> 34133606

Pulmonary Arterial Intramural Hematoma Due to Acute Aortic Dissection.

Lucas de Pádua Gomes de Farias1, Ana Cristina Favaretto1, Luciana de Pádua Silva Baptista1, Gustavo Borges da Silva Teles1.   

Abstract

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Year:  2021        PMID: 34133606      PMCID: PMC8288521          DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200775

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Arq Bras Cardiol        ISSN: 0066-782X            Impact factor:   2.000


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Paciente do sexo masculino, 54 anos, tabagista, é admitido na unidade de emergência com dor torácica aguda e dispneia. Procedeu-se a investigação por meio da angiotomografia computadorizada de tórax que evidenciou extensa dissecção da aorta torácica com início no segmento ascendente (tipo A de Stanford) associada a hematoma intramural do tronco da artéria pulmonar e dos seus ramos principais, mais evidente à direita, que determina redução luminal pulmonar local, além de um pequeno hematoma mediastinal para-aórtico e subaórtico. Não havia sinais de tromboembolismo pulmonar e a avaliação do parênquima não evidenciou sinais de hemorragia pulmonar ( Figuras 1 e 2 ).
Figura 1

– Angiotomografia computadorizada de tórax, em aparelho com 16 fileiras de detectores (A a D – reconstrução multiplanar axial), evidencia dissecção aórtica aguda (tipo A de Stanford) associada a hematoma secundário (asterisco), envolvendo o tronco da artéria pulmonar e seus ramos principais, mais evidente à direita, determinando redução luminal da sua porção proximal (seta branca). Note também o hematoma mediastinal nas regiões para-aórtica e subaórtica (cabeça de seta branca).

Figura 2

– Reconstruções tridimensionais de angiotomografia computadorizada de tórax, em aparelho com 16 fileiras de detectores, evidenciam dissecção aórtica aguda (tipo A de Stanford) associada a hematoma secundário (asterisco) envolvendo o tronco da artéria pulmonar e seus ramos principais, mais evidente à direita, determinando redução luminal da sua porção proximal (seta branca).

A dissecção aórtica aguda é uma condição de alto risco de vida e o hematoma mediastinal que disseca a bainha das artérias pulmonares é considerado uma rara complicação [1 - 3] que pode simular tromboembolismo pulmonar e vasculites. [4] Isso geralmente ocorre porque, ao nível logo acima da válvula aórtica, a aorta ascendente e o tronco da artéria pulmonar compartilham uma adventícia comum, que se torna o pericárdio visceral caudalmente. [1 , 4 , 5] Na maioria dos casos, há a ruptura da cama média adjacente à artéria pulmonar direita, e o sangue flui da aorta ascendente para o espaço intersticial que limita as artérias pulmonares (hematoma intramural) ( Figura 3 ), podendo se estender aos septos interlobulares ou mesmo aos alvéolos por meio do interstício peribroncovascular. [1 , 2 , 4] Alguns casos isolados de hematoma da artéria pulmonar podem estar relacionados à patência do ducto arterioso, hipertensão pulmonar e desordens do tecido conjuntivo. [6 - 9]
Figura 3

– Desenho esquemático evidencia a ruptura da porção mais externa da camada média no falso lúmen da dissecção aórtica, adjacente à artéria pulmonar, resultando extravasamento de sangue na adventícia comum entre a aorta e a artéria pulmonar que pode estreitar o lúmen arterial pulmonar. AA: aorta ascendente; lpr: recesso pulmonar esquerdo do seio transverso; PT: tronco pulmonar; sar: recesso aórtico superior; ts: seio transverso. Adaptado de Roberts. 5

A 54-year-old male patient, who was a smoker, was admitted to the emergency room with acute chest pain and dyspnea. Investigation was initiated by means of computed tomography angiography of the chest, which showed extensive dissection of the thoracic aorta, beginning in the ascending segment (Stanford type A), associated with intramural hematoma of the pulmonary artery trunk and its main branches. It was more evident on the right, which determines local pulmonary luminal reduction, in addition to a small para-aortic and subaortic mediastinal hematoma. There were no signs of pulmonary thromboembolism, and the evaluation of the parenchyma showed no signs of pulmonary hemorrhage ( Figures 1 and 2 ).
Figure 1

– 16-row multi-detector computed tomography angiography of the chest (A to D – axial multiplanar reconstruction), shows acute aortic dissection (Stanford type A) associated with secondary hematoma (asterisk), involving the pulmonary artery trunk and its main branches. It is more evident on the right, determining luminal reduction of its proximal portion (white arrow). Note, as well, the mediastinal hematoma in the para-aortic and subaortic regions (white arrowhead).

Figure 2

– Three-dimensional reconstructions of a 16-row multi-detector computed tomography angiography, show acute aortic dissection (Stanford type A) associated with secondary hematoma (asterisk), involving the pulmonary artery trunk and its main branches. It is more evident on the right, determining luminal reduction of its proximal portion (white arrow).

Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition, and mediastinal hematoma dissecting the pulmonary artery sheath is considered a rare complication,[1 - 3] which can simulate pulmonary thromboembolism and vasculitis.[4] This generally occurs because, at the level just above the aortic valve, the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery trunk share a common adventitia, which caudally becomes the visceral pericardium.[1 , 4 , 5] In most cases, there is a rupture of the middle bed adjacent to the right pulmonary artery, and blood flows from the ascending aorta into the interstitial space that limits the pulmonary arteries (intramural hematoma) ( Figure 3 ), and this can extend into the interlobular septa, or even the alveoli, through the peribronchovascular interstitium.[1 , 2 , 4] Some isolated cases of pulmonary artery hematoma may be related to patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary hypertension, or connective tissue disorders.[6 - 9]
Figure 3

– Schematic illustration showing the rupture of the outermost portion of the media layer in the false lumen of the aortic dissection, adjacent to the pulmonary artery, resulting in leakage of blood into the common adventitia between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which can narrow the pulmonary arterial lumen. AA: ascending aorta; lpr: left pulmonary recess of the transverse sinus; PT: pulmonary trunk; sar: superior aortic recess; ts: transverse sinus. Adapted from Roberts. 5

  9 in total

Review 1.  CT in nontraumatic acute thoracic aortic disease: typical and atypical features and complications.

Authors:  Eva Castañer; Marta Andreu; Xavier Gallardo; Josep Maria Mata; María Angeles Cabezuelo; Yolanda Pallardó
Journal:  Radiographics       Date:  2003-10       Impact factor: 5.333

2.  Spontaneously developed pulmonary arterial intramural hematoma that mimicked thromboembolism.

Authors:  Eun-Ju Kang; Ki-Nam Lee; In Kim; Jong-Min Chae; Gun-Jik Kim; Dong Heon Yang; Jongmin Lee
Journal:  Korean J Radiol       Date:  2012-06-18       Impact factor: 3.500

3.  Pulmonary artery compression due to acute dissecting aortic aneurysm: clinical and angiographic diagnosis.

Authors:  A Nasrallah; Y Goussous; G El-Said; E Garcia; R J Hall
Journal:  Chest       Date:  1975-02       Impact factor: 9.410

4.  Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary trunk in mitral stenosis.

Authors:  R S Rosenson; M S Sutton
Journal:  Am J Cardiol       Date:  1986-11-15       Impact factor: 2.778

5.  Stenosis of the right pulmonary artery: a complication of acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta.

Authors:  L M Buja; N Ali; R D Fletcher; W C Roberts
Journal:  Am Heart J       Date:  1972-01       Impact factor: 4.749

Review 6.  Aortic dissection: anatomy, consequences, and causes.

Authors:  W C Roberts
Journal:  Am Heart J       Date:  1981-02       Impact factor: 4.749

7.  Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary artery with pulmonary hypertension.

Authors:  J Steurer; R Jenni; T C Medici; T Vollrath; O M Hess; W Siegenthaler
Journal:  Am Rev Respir Dis       Date:  1990-11

8.  CT and clinical features of hemorrhage extending along the pulmonary artery due to ruptured aortic dissection.

Authors:  Eijun Sueyoshi; Yohjiro Matsuoka; Ichiro Sakamoto; Masataka Uetani
Journal:  Eur Radiol       Date:  2009-01-21       Impact factor: 5.315

9.  Idiopathic pulmonary artery dissection: a case report.

Authors:  Khalid Mohammad; Mohammad Sahlol; Osbert Egiebor; Ruxana T Sadikot
Journal:  J Med Case Rep       Date:  2009-07-23
  9 in total
  1 in total

Review 1.  MDCT Imaging of Non-Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Emergencies and Its Impact on Diagnosis and Management-A Reappraisal.

Authors:  Tullio Valente; Giacomo Sica; Giorgio Bocchini; Federica Romano; Francesco Lassandro; Gaetano Rea; Emanuele Muto; Antonio Pinto; Francesca Iacobellis; Paola Crivelli; Ahmad Abu-Omar; Mariano Scaglione
Journal:  Tomography       Date:  2022-01-13
  1 in total

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