Jordi Alonso1, Gemma Vilagut2, Philippe Mortier2, Montse Ferrer3, Itxaso Alayo2, Andrés Aragón-Peña4, Enric Aragonès5, Mireia Campos6, Isabel D Cura-González7, José I Emparanza8, Meritxell Espuga9, Maria João Forjaz10, Ana González-Pinto11, Josep M Haro12, Nieves López-Fresneña13, Alma D Martínez de Salázar14, Juan D Molina15, Rafael M Ortí-Lucas16, Mara Parellada17, José Maria Pelayo-Terán18, Aurora Pérez-Zapata19, José I Pijoan20, Nieves Plana21, Maria Teresa Puig22, Cristina Rius23, Carmen Rodríguez-Blázquez24, Ferran Sanz25, Consol Serra26, Ronald C Kessler27, Ronny Bruffaerts28, Eduard Vieta29, Víctor Pérez-Solà30. 1. Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jalonso@imim.es. 2. Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. 3. Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain. 4. Epidemiology Unit, Regional Ministry of Health, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria de Atención Primaria, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 5. Institut d'Investigació en Atenció Primària IDIAP Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain; Atenció Primària Camp de Tarragona, Institut Català de la Salut, Spain. 6. Service of Prevention of Labor Risks, Medical Emergencies System, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain. 7. Research Unit, Primary Care Management, Madrid Health Service, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Specialities and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria de Atención Primaria, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 8. Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. 9. Occupational Health Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. 10. National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Health Services Research Network on Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain. 11. Hospital Universitario Araba-Santiago, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. 12. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. 13. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. 14. UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Torrecárdenas, Almería, Spain. 15. Villaverde Mental Health Center, Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. 16. Hospital Clínic Universitari, Valencia, Spain. 17. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. 18. Hospital El Bierzo, León, Spain. 19. Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 20. Hospital Universitario Cruces/OSI EEC, Bilbao, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. 21. Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. 22. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain. 23. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. 24. National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. 25. Research Progamme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Nacional de Bioinformatica - ELIXIR-ES, Barcelona, Spain. 26. Parc de Salut Mar PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain; CiSAL-Centro de Investigación en Salud Laboral, IMIM/UPF, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. 27. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 28. Center for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 29. Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. 30. Parc de Salut Mar PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers are vulnerable to adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors during the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare professionals in Spain. METHODS: All workers in 18 healthcare institutions (6 AACC) in Spain were invited to web-based surveys assessing individual characteristics, COVID-19 infection status and exposure, and mental health status (May 5 - September 7, 2020). We report: probable current mental disorders (Major Depressive Disorder-MDD- [PHQ-8≥10], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD- [GAD-7≥10], Panic attacks, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -PTSD- [PCL-5≥7]; and Substance Use Disorder -SUD-[CAGE-AID≥2]. Severe disability assessed by the Sheehan Disability Scale was used to identify probable "disabling" current mental disorders. RESULTS: 9,138 healthcare workers participated. Prevalence of screen-positive disorder: 28.1% MDD; 22.5% GAD, 24.0% Panic; 22.2% PTSD; and 6.2% SUD. Overall 45.7% presented any current and 14.5% any disabling current mental disorder. Workers with pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders had almost twice the prevalence than those without. Adjusting for all other variables, odds of any disabling mental disorder were: prior lifetime disorders (TUS: OR=5.74; 95%CI 2.53-13.03; Mood: OR=3.23; 95%CI:2.27-4.60; Anxiety: OR=3.03; 95%CI:2.53-3.62); age category 18-29 years (OR=1.36; 95%CI:1.02-1.82), caring "all of the time" for COVID-19 patients (OR=5.19; 95%CI: 3.61-7.46), female gender (OR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.27-1.96) and having being in quarantine or isolated (OR= 1.60; 95CI:1.31-1.95). CONCLUSIONS: One in seven Spanish healthcare workers screened positive for a disabling mental disorder during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Workers reporting pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders, those frequently exposed to COVID-19 patients, infected or quarantined/isolated, female workers, and auxiliary nurses should be considered groups in need of mental health monitoring and support.
INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers are vulnerable to adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors during the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare professionals in Spain. METHODS: All workers in 18 healthcare institutions (6 AACC) in Spain were invited to web-based surveys assessing individual characteristics, COVID-19infection status and exposure, and mental health status (May 5 - September 7, 2020). We report: probable current mental disorders (Major Depressive Disorder-MDD- [PHQ-8≥10], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD- [GAD-7≥10], Panic attacks, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -PTSD- [PCL-5≥7]; and Substance Use Disorder -SUD-[CAGE-AID≥2]. Severe disability assessed by the Sheehan Disability Scale was used to identify probable "disabling" current mental disorders. RESULTS: 9,138 healthcare workers participated. Prevalence of screen-positive disorder: 28.1% MDD; 22.5% GAD, 24.0% Panic; 22.2% PTSD; and 6.2% SUD. Overall 45.7% presented any current and 14.5% any disabling current mental disorder. Workers with pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders had almost twice the prevalence than those without. Adjusting for all other variables, odds of any disabling mental disorder were: prior lifetime disorders (TUS: OR=5.74; 95%CI 2.53-13.03; Mood: OR=3.23; 95%CI:2.27-4.60; Anxiety: OR=3.03; 95%CI:2.53-3.62); age category 18-29 years (OR=1.36; 95%CI:1.02-1.82), caring "all of the time" for COVID-19patients (OR=5.19; 95%CI: 3.61-7.46), female gender (OR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.27-1.96) and having being in quarantine or isolated (OR= 1.60; 95CI:1.31-1.95). CONCLUSIONS: One in seven Spanish healthcare workers screened positive for a disabling mental disorder during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Workers reporting pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders, those frequently exposed to COVID-19patients, infected or quarantined/isolated, female workers, and auxiliary nurses should be considered groups in need of mental health monitoring and support.
Keywords:
Adverse Mental Health; COVID-19 pandemic; Disability; Discapacidad; Healthcare Workers; Mental Disorders; Necesidad de atención; Need for Care; Pandemia de COVID-19; Salud mental adversa; Trabajadores de la salud; Trastornos mentales
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