| Literature DB >> 34093680 |
Maria Chiara Chindamo1,2, Marcos Arêas Marques3.
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the main preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) may be its first manifestation. Several national and international guidelines recommend using risk assessment models for prescription of VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized patients. Despite evidence and guidelines supporting VTE prevention, use of VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized patients remains suboptimal, which may be because of low awareness of the benefits of VTE prophylaxis, but might also reflect fear of bleeding complications in these patients, since this constitutes one of the main reasons for underutilization of thromboprophylaxis worldwide. Bleeding risk assessment is therefore necessary for adequate prophylaxis prescription and should be carried out concurrently with assessment of the risk of thrombosis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of jointly assessing risk of VTE and risk of bleeding in hospitalized patients. CopyrightEntities:
Keywords: hemorrhage; patient safety; prophylaxis; pulmonary embolism; risk assessment; venous thrombosis
Year: 2021 PMID: 34093680 PMCID: PMC8147884 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.200109
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Vasc Bras ISSN: 1677-5449
Figure 1Recommendations for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis by VTE risk vs. bleeding risk stratification. Adapted from: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence – NICE. NG89.21
List of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding risk assessment models (RAM) according to study population.9 - 16 , 21
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|---|---|---|---|
| Caprini, 2005 | Surgical | - | X |
| Geneva, 2006 | Medical | - | X |
| Rogers, 2007 | Surgical | - | X |
| Brazilian guidelines, 2007 | Medical | X | X |
| Padua, 2010 | Medical | - | X |
| IMPROVE, 2011 | Medical | X | X |
| UK RCOG, 2015 | Obstetric | - | X |
| NICE NG89, 2018 | Medical /surgical | X | X |
IMPROVE Bleeding Risk Score.
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|---|---|
| Active gastroduodenal ulcer | 4.5 |
| Hemorrhage 3 months before admission | 4 |
| Platelets < 50,000 mm3 | 4 |
| Age ≥ 85 years | 3.5 |
| Liver failure (INR | 2.5 |
| Severe renal failure (GFR | 2.5 |
| Admission to intensive care unit | 2.5 |
| Central venous catheter | 2 |
| Rheumatological disease | 2 |
| Active cancer | 2 |
| Age 40-84 | 1.5 |
| Male | 1 |
| Moderate renal failure (GFR** 30-59 | 1 |
INR: International normalized ratio;
GFR: glomerular filtration rate. Adapted from: Decousus et al.6
Strategy for VTE prevention in patients with cirrhosis and/or thrombocytopenia.
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|---|---|
| Low (platelets < 90,000 mm3) | Pharmacological prophylaxis* |
| Intermediate (platelets from 50,000 to 90,000 mm3) | Pharmacological prophylaxis |
| High (platelets < 50,000 mm3) | Pharmacological prophylaxis in selected cases * |
| Mechanical prophylaxis preferable |
VTE prophylaxis should be administered if the patient has one or more additional VTE risk factors;
Graduated elastic compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression devices and venous foot pumps. Adapted from: Tufano et al.41
Figura 1Recomendações de profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) segundo estratificação do risco de TEV versus risco de sangramento. Adaptado de: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence – NICE. NG8921.
Lista de modelos de avaliação de risco (MAR) de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) e de sangramento de acordo com a população estudada9 - 16 , 21.
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| Caprini, 2005 | Cirúrgico | - | X |
| Geneva, 2006 | Clínico | - | X |
| Rogers, 2007 | Cirúrgico | - | X |
| Diretriz brasileira, 2007 | Clínico | X | X |
| Padua, 2010 | Clínico | - | X |
| IMPROVE, 2011 | Clínico | X | X |
| UK RCOG, 2015 | Obstétrico | - | X |
| NICE NG89, 2018 | Clínico/cirúrgico | X | X |
IMPROVE Bleeding Risk Score.
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|---|---|
| Úlcera gastroduodenal ativa | 4,5 |
| Hemorragia três meses antes da internação | 4 |
| Plaquetas < 50.000 mm3 | 4 |
| Idade ≥ 85 anos | 3,5 |
| Insuficiência hepática (RNI | 2,5 |
| Insuficiência renal severa (TFG | 2,5 |
| Internação em unidade de terapia intensiva | 2,5 |
| Cateter venoso central | 2 |
| Doença reumatológica | 2 |
| Câncer ativo | 2 |
| Idade 40-84 | 1,5 |
| Sexo masculino | 1 |
| Insuficiência renal moderada (TFG** 30-59 | 1 |
RNI: Razão Normalizada Internacional;
TFG: taxa de filtração glomerular. Adaptada de: Decousus et al.6.
Estratégia de prevenção do TEV em pacientes com cirrose e/ou trombocitopenia.
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|---|---|
| Baixo (plaquetas < 90.000 mm3) | Profilaxia farmacológica |
| Intermediário (plaquetas ente 50 e 90.000 mm3) | Profilaxia farmacológica* |
| Alto (plaquetas < 50.000 mm3) | Profilaxia farmacológica em casos selecionados* |
| Profilaxia mecânica preferencial |
A profilaxia do TEV deve ser realizada na presença de um ou mais fatores de risco adicionais para TEV;
Meias elásticas de compressão graduada, compressão pneumática intermitente e dispositivos e bombas podais. Adaptada de: Tufano et al.41.