Apoptosis: A friend or foe in mesenchymal stem cell-based immunosuppression.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are adult stem cells which reside in almost all postnatal tissue where, in juxtacrine and paracrine manner, regulate phenotype and function of immune cells, maintain tissue homeostasis, attenuate on-going inflammation and promote repair and regeneration of injured tissues. Due to their capacity to suppress detrimental immune response, MSC have been considered as potentially new therapeutic agents in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. It was recently revealed that apoptosis may increase anti-inflammatory properties of MSC by enhancing their capacity to induce generation of immunosuppressive phenotype in macrophages and dendritic cells. Upon phagocytosis, apoptotic MSC induce generation of immunosuppressive phenotype in monocytes/macrophages and promote production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that attenuate inflammation and facilitate repair and regeneration of injured tissues. Importantly, immunomodulation mediated by apoptotic MSC was either similar or even better than immunomodulation accomplished by viable MSC. In contrast to viable MSC, which obtain either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype upon engraftment in different tissue microenvironments, apoptotic MSC were not subject to changes in their immunomodulatory characteristics upon diverse stimuli, indicating their potential for clinical use. In this chapter, we summarized current knowledge about beneficial effects of apoptotic MSC in the suppression of detrimental local and systemic immune response, and we emphasized their therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.