Efficiencies of selected biotreatments for the remediation of PAH in diluted bitumen contaminated soil microcosms.

Unconventional oils such as diluted bitumen from oil sands differs from most of conventional oils in terms of physiochemical properties and PAHs composition. This raises concerns regarding the effectiveness of current remediation strategies and protocols originally developed for conventional oil. Here we evaluated the efficiency of different biotreatment approaches, such as fungi inoculation (bioaugmentation), sludge addition (bioaugmentation/biostimulation), perennial grasses plantation (phytoremediation) and their combinations as well as natural attenuation (as control condition), for the remediation of soil contaminated by synthetic crude oil (a product of diluted bitumen) in laboratory microcosms. We specifically monitored the PAHs loss percentage (alkylated PAHs and unsubstituted 16 EPA Priority PAHs), the residue of PAHs and evaluated the ecotoxicity of soil after treatment. All treatments were highly efficient with more than ~ 80% of ∑PAHs loss after 60 days. Distinctive loss efficiencies between light PAHs (≤ 3 rings, ~ 96% average loss) and heavy PAHs (4-6 rings, ~ 29% average loss) were observed. The lowest average PAHs residue (0.10 ± 0.02 mg·kg-1, for an initial concentration of 0.29 ± 0.12 mg·kg-1) was achieved with the "sludge-plants (grasses)" combination. Sludge addition was the only treatment that achieved significantly lower ecotoxicity (3% ± 4% of growth inhibition of L. sativa) than the control (natural attenuation, 13% ± 4% of inhibition). Sludge addition, grasses plantation and "sludge-fungi combination" treatments could result in lower PAH exposure (than other treatments) in post-treated soil when using the Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health for potentially carcinogenic and other PAHs.