Heather Wachtel1,2, Douglas L Fraker3,4. 1. Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. heather.wachtel@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. 2. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. heather.wachtel@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. 3. Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. 4. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and is significantly under-diagnosed. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study is to review the management of PA, with a focus on medical and surgical treatment outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: PA causes cardiovascular dysfunction in excess of degree of hypertension. Adrenalectomy demonstrates a therapeutic advantage over mineralocorticoid antagonist (MRA) therapy, after controlling for degree of hypertension and subtype of PA. Higher rates of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke, and incidence of chronic kidney disease are observed in subjects treated with MRAs than in subjects treated with adrenalectomy. The therapeutic benefit of surgery may reflect definitive resolution of excess aldosterone. Complete mineralocorticoid blockade may achieve similar benefit to adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy is the most effective treatment for unilateral PA. Biomarkers for MRA therapy might inform optimal medical therapy of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and is significantly under-diagnosed. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study is to review the management of PA, with a focus on medical and surgical treatment outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: PA causes cardiovascular dysfunction in excess of degree of hypertension. Adrenalectomy demonstrates a therapeutic advantage over mineralocorticoid antagonist (MRA) therapy, after controlling for degree of hypertension and subtype of PA. Higher rates of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke, and incidence of chronic kidney disease are observed in subjects treated with MRAs than in subjects treated with adrenalectomy. The therapeutic benefit of surgery may reflect definitive resolution of excess aldosterone. Complete mineralocorticoid blockade may achieve similar benefit to adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy is the most effective treatment for unilateral PA. Biomarkers for MRA therapy might inform optimal medical therapy of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.
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