Anum Minhas1,2, Ilton Cubero Salazar1, Brigitte Kazzi1, Allison G Hays1, Andrew D Choi3, Armin Arbab-Zadeh1, Erin D Michos4. 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. 3. Division of Cardiology, Department of Radiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. 4. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. edonnell@jhmi.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both men and women, although there are notable differences in presentation between men and women. Atherosclerosis remains the predominant driver of coronary heart disease in both sexes; however, sex differences in atherosclerosis should be investigated further to understand clinical manifestations between men and women. RECENT FINDINGS: There are sex differences in the prevalence, progression, and prognostic impact of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, developing evidence demonstrates unique differences in atherosclerotic plaque characteristics between men and women on both noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities. Coronary microvascular dysfunction may be present even if no obstructive lesions are found. Most importantly, non-obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with a heightened risk of future adverse cardiovascular events and should not be ignored. The distinct plaque signature in women should be recognized, and optimal preventive strategies should be performed for both sexes.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both men and women, although there are notable differences in presentation between men and women. Atherosclerosis remains the predominant driver of coronary heart disease in both sexes; however, sex differences in atherosclerosis should be investigated further to understand clinical manifestations between men and women. RECENT FINDINGS: There are sex differences in the prevalence, progression, and prognostic impact of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, developing evidence demonstrates unique differences in atherosclerotic plaque characteristics between men and women on both noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities. Coronary microvascular dysfunction may be present even if no obstructive lesions are found. Most importantly, non-obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with a heightened risk of future adverse cardiovascular events and should not be ignored. The distinct plaque signature in women should be recognized, and optimal preventive strategies should be performed for both sexes.
Entities:
Keywords:
Atherosclerosis; Coronary disease; Plaque; Sex differences
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