Gabriele Senczuk1, Salvatore Mastrangelo2, Paolo Ajmone-Marsan3, Zsolt Becskei4, Paolo Colangelo5, Licia Colli3, Luca Ferretti6, Taki Karsli7, Hovirag Lancioni8, Emiliano Lasagna9, Donata Marletta10, Christian Persichilli11, Baldassare Portolano2, Francesca M Sarti9, Elena Ciani12, Fabio Pilla11. 1. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy. g.senczuk@unimol.it. 2. Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy. 3. Department of Animal Science Food and Nutrition, DIANA, Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Centre, PRONUTRIGEN, Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre, BioDNA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy. 4. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar Oslobodjenja street 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia. 5. National Council of Research (CNR), Research Institute On Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), Via Salaria km 29.300, Montelibretti, 00015, Rome, Italy. 6. Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Italy, Pavia. 7. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey. 8. Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto, 06123, Perugia, Italy. 9. Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy. 10. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy. 11. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy. 12. Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: During the Neolithic expansion, cattle accompanied humans and spread from their domestication centres to colonize the ancient world. In addition, European cattle occasionally intermingled with both indicine cattle and local aurochs resulting in an exclusive pattern of genetic diversity. Among the most ancient European cattle are breeds that belong to the so-called Podolian trunk, the history of which is still not well established. Here, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data on 806 individuals belonging to 36 breeds to reconstruct the origin and diversification of Podolian cattle and to provide a reliable scenario of the European colonization, through an approximate Bayesian computation random forest (ABC-RF) approach. RESULTS: Our results indicate that European Podolian cattle display higher values of genetic diversity indices than both African taurine and Asian indicine breeds. Clustering analyses show that Podolian breeds share close genomic relationships, which suggests a likely common genetic ancestry. Among the simulated and tested scenarios of the colonization of Europe from taurine cattle, the greatest support was obtained for the model assuming at least two waves of diffusion. Time estimates are in line with an early migration from the domestication centre of non-Podolian taurine breeds followed by a secondary migration of Podolian breeds. The best fitting model also suggests that the Italian Podolian breeds are the result of admixture between different genomic pools. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive dataset that includes most of the autochthonous cattle breeds belonging to the so-called Podolian trunk allowed us not only to shed light onto the origin and diversification of this group of cattle, but also to gain new insights into the diffusion of European cattle. The most well-supported scenario of colonization points to two main waves of migrations: with one that occurred alongside with the Neolithic human expansion and gave rise to the non-Podolian taurine breeds, and a more recent one that favoured the diffusion of European Podolian. In this process, we highlight the importance of both the Mediterranean and Danube routes in promoting European cattle colonization. Moreover, we identified admixture as a driver of diversification in Italy, which could represent a melting pot for Podolian cattle.
BACKGROUND: During the Neolithic expansion, cattle accompanied humans and spread from their domestication centres to colonize the ancient world. In addition, European cattle occasionally intermingled with both indicinecattle and local aurochs resulting in an exclusive pattern of genetic diversity. Among the most ancient European cattle are breeds that belong to the so-called Podolian trunk, the history of which is still not well established. Here, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data on 806 individuals belonging to 36 breeds to reconstruct the origin and diversification of Podolian cattle and to provide a reliable scenario of the European colonization, through an approximate Bayesian computation random forest (ABC-RF) approach. RESULTS: Our results indicate that European Podolian cattle display higher values of genetic diversity indices than both African taurine and Asian indicine breeds. Clustering analyses show that Podolian breeds share close genomic relationships, which suggests a likely common genetic ancestry. Among the simulated and tested scenarios of the colonization of Europe from taurinecattle, the greatest support was obtained for the model assuming at least two waves of diffusion. Time estimates are in line with an early migration from the domestication centre of non-Podolian taurine breeds followed by a secondary migration of Podolian breeds. The best fitting model also suggests that the Italian Podolian breeds are the result of admixture between different genomic pools. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive dataset that includes most of the autochthonous cattle breeds belonging to the so-called Podolian trunk allowed us not only to shed light onto the origin and diversification of this group of cattle, but also to gain new insights into the diffusion of European cattle. The most well-supported scenario of colonization points to two main waves of migrations: with one that occurred alongside with the Neolithic human expansion and gave rise to the non-Podolian taurine breeds, and a more recent one that favoured the diffusion of European Podolian. In this process, we highlight the importance of both the Mediterranean and Danube routes in promoting European cattle colonization. Moreover, we identified admixture as a driver of diversification in Italy, which could represent a melting pot for Podolian cattle.
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