Rui Martim Salgado1, Federico Danzi2,3, Joana Espain Oliveira2,3, Anter El-Azab4, Pedro Ponces Camanho1,3, Maria Helena Braga2,3. 1. DEMec, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. 2. LAETA, Engineering Faculty, Engineering Physics Department, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. 3. INEGI, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. 4. School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Abstract
Global energy demand is rapidly increasing due to population and economic growth, especially in large emerging countries, which will account for 90% of energy demand growth to 2035. Electric vehicles (EVs) play a paramount role in the electrification revolution towards the reduction of the carbon footprint. Here, we review all the major trends in Li-ion batteries technologies used in EVs. We conclude that only five types of cathodes are used and that most of the EV companies use Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC). Most of the Li-ion batteries anodes are graphite-based. Positive and negative electrodes are reviewed in detail as well as future trends such as the effort to reduce the Cobalt content. The electrolyte is a liquid/gel flammable solvent usually containing a LiFeP6 salt. The electrolyte makes the battery and battery pack unsafe, which drives the research and development to replace the flammable liquid by a solid electrolyte.
Global energy demand is rapidly increapan class="Chemical">sing due to population and economic growth, especially in large emerging countries, which will account for 90% of energy demand growth to 2035. Electric vehicles (EVs) play a paramount role in the electrification revolution towards the reduction of the carbon footprint. Here, we reviewall the major trends in Li-ion batteries technologies used in EVs. We conclude that only five types of cathodes are used and that most of the EVcompanies use Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC). Most of the Li-ion batteries anodes are graphite-based. Positive and negative electrodes are reviewed in detail as well as future trends such as the effort to reduce the Cobaltcontent. The electrolyte is a liquid/gel flammable solvent usually containing a LiFeP6 salt. The electrolyte makes the battery and battery pack unsafe, which drives the research and development to replace the flammable liquid by a solid electrolyte.
Entities:
Keywords:
batteries for mobility; graphite/silicon anodes; li-ion batteries; traditional cathodes
Authors: Jie Zhao; Hyun-Wook Lee; Jie Sun; Kai Yan; Yayuan Liu; Wei Liu; Zhenda Lu; Dingchang Lin; Guangmin Zhou; Yi Cui Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2016-06-16 Impact factor: 11.205