Call for a more balanced approach to understanding orbital frontal cortex function.

Orbital frontal cortex (OFC) research has historically emphasized the function of this associative cortical area within top-down theoretical frameworks. This approach has largely focused on mapping OFC activity onto human-defined psychological or cognitive constructs and has often led to OFC circuitry bearing the weight of entire theoretical frameworks. New techniques and tools developed in the last decade have made it possible to revisit long-standing basic science questions in neuroscience and answer them with increasing sophistication. We can now study and specify the genetic, molecular, cellular, and circuit architecture of a brain region in much greater detail, which allows us to piece together how they contribute to emergent circuit functions. For instance, adopting such systematic and unbiased bottom-up approaches to elucidating the function of the visual system has paved the way to building a greater understanding of the spectrum of its computational capabilities. In the same vein, we argue that OFC research would benefit from a more balanced approach that also places focus on novel bottom-up investigations into OFC's computational capabilities. Furthermore, we believe that the knowledge gained by employing a more bottom-up approach to investigating OFC function will ultimately allow us to look at OFC's dysfunction in disease through a more nuanced biological lens. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).