Magdalena Wysocka1, Tamar Monteiro2, Carine de Pina2, Deisy Gonçalves2, Sandrine de Pina2, Antonio Ludgero-Correia2, Joao Moreno2, Roxana Zamudio3, Nada Almebairik3, Laura J Gray4, Manish Pareek5, David R Jenkins6, Marta Aires-de-Sousa7, Herminia De Lencastre8, Sandra Beleza3, Isabel I Araujo2, Teresa Conceição9, Marco R Oggioni10. 1. Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland. 2. Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde. 3. Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. 4. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. 5. Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. 6. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Leicester University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leicester, UK. 7. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal. 8. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. 9. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: teresagc@itqb.unl.pt. 10. Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: mro5@leicester.ac.uk.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Surveillance studies for Staphylococcus aureus carriage are a primary tool to survey the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the general population, patients and healthcare workers. We have previously reported S. aureus carriage in various African countries, including Cape Verde. METHODS: Whole-genome sequences of 106 S. aureus isolates from Cape Verde were determined. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus carriage isolates in Cape Verde show high genetic variability, with the detection of 27 sequence types (STs) and three primary genetic clusters associated with ST152, ST15 and ST5. One transmission event with less than eight core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (cgSNP) differences was detected among the ST5-VI MRSA lineage. Genetic analysis confirmed the phenotypic resistance and allowed the identification of six independent events of plasmid or transposon loss associated with the deletion of blaZ in nine isolates. In the four ST5 MRSA isolates, loss of the blaZ plasmid coincided with the acquisition of SCCmec type VI and an unusual penicillin phenotype with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the breakpoint, indicating an adaptation trend in this endemic lineage. Similar events of blaZ plasmid loss, with concomitant acquisition SCCmec elements, were detected among ST5 isolates from different geographical origins. CONCLUSION: Overall, the genome data allowed to place isolates in a phylogenetic context and to identify different blaZ gene deletions associated with plasmid or transposon loss. Genomic analysis unveiled adaptation and evolution trends, namely among emerging MRSA lineages in the country, which deserve additional consideration in the design of future infection control protocols.
OBJECTIVES: Surveillance studies for Staphylococcus aureus carriage are a primary tool to survey the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the general population, patients and healthcare workers. We have previously reported S. aureus carriage in various African countries, including Cape Verde. METHODS: Whole-genome sequences of 106 S. aureus isolates from Cape Verde were determined. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus carriage isolates in Cape Verde show high genetic variability, with the detection of 27 sequence types (STs) and three primary genetic clusters associated with ST152, ST15 and ST5. One transmission event with less than eight core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (cgSNP) differences was detected among the ST5-VI MRSA lineage. Genetic analysis confirmed the phenotypic resistance and allowed the identification of six independent events of plasmid or transposon loss associated with the deletion of blaZ in nine isolates. In the four ST5 MRSA isolates, loss of the blaZ plasmid coincided with the acquisition of SCCmec type VI and an unusual penicillin phenotype with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the breakpoint, indicating an adaptation trend in this endemic lineage. Similar events of blaZ plasmid loss, with concomitant acquisition SCCmec elements, were detected among ST5 isolates from different geographical origins. CONCLUSION: Overall, the genome data allowed to place isolates in a phylogenetic context and to identify different blaZ gene deletions associated with plasmid or transposon loss. Genomic analysis unveiled adaptation and evolution trends, namely among emerging MRSA lineages in the country, which deserve additional consideration in the design of future infection control protocols.
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