In vivo2H/13C flux analysis in metabolism research.

Identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate metabolism under normal and diseased states requires methods to quantify metabolic fluxes of live tissues within their physiological milieu. A number of recent developments have expanded the reach and depth of isotope-based in vivo flux analysis, which have in turn challenged existing dogmas in metabolism research. First, minimally invasive techniques of intravenous isotope infusion and sampling have advanced in vivo metabolic tracer studies in animal models and human subjects. Second, recent breakthroughs in analytical instrumentation have expanded the scope of isotope labeling measurements and reduced sample volume requirements. Third, innovative modeling approaches and publicly available software tools have facilitated rigorous analysis of sophisticated experimental designs involving multiple tracers and expansive metabolomics datasets. These developments have enabled comprehensive in vivo quantification of metabolic fluxes in specific tissues and have set the stage for integrated multi-tissue flux assays.