| Literature DB >> 34035551 |
Florin Andrei Taran1, Lisa Jung1, Julia Waldschmidt1, Sarah Isabelle Huwer1, Ingolf Juhasz-Böss1.
Abstract
The role of lymphadenectomy in surgical staging remains one of the biggest controversies in the management of endometrial cancer. The concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer has been evaluated for a number of years, with promising sensitivity rates and negative predictive values. The possibility of adequate staging while avoiding systematic lymphadenectomy leads to a significant reduction in the rate of peri- and postoperative morbidity. Nevertheless, the status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer has not yet been fully elucidated and is variously assessed internationally. According to current European guidelines and recommendations, sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer should be performed only in the context of clinical studies. In this review article, the developments of the past decade are explored concisely. In addition, current data regarding the technical aspects, accuracy and prognostic relevance of sentinel lymph node biopsy are explained and evaluated critically. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: endometrial cancer; sentinel lymph node; sentinel mapping; ultrastaging
Year: 2021 PMID: 34035551 PMCID: PMC8137276 DOI: 10.1055/a-1228-6189
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Appearance of the lymphatic vessels and of the sentinel lymph nodes dyed with patent blue after opening the left pelvic retroperitoneum. a = sentinel lymph node and lymphatic drainage route; b = external iliac artery; c = external iliac vein; d = lateral umbilical ligament; e = obturator nerve.
Fig. 2Sentinel node method. a Surgical hysteroscopy with injection needle to deliver tracer, b Technetium99 (colourless tracer in the syringe).
Table 1 Sentinel lymph node detection rates depending on the injection site (peritumoural/uterine fundus vs. cervix)/injection method (hysteroscopic injection) (modified from 11 ).
| Study (year) | n | Tracer/dye | Injection site/ injection method | Overall detection rate (%) | Para-aortic detection rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICG: indocyanine green, Tc99: technetium-99, HSC: hysteroscopic injection, CNB: carbon nanoparticles | |||||
|
Perrone et al. (2008)
| 17 | Tc99 | Peritumoural (HSC) | 65 | 18 |
|
Rossi et al. (2013)
| 17 | ICG | Peritumoural (HSC) | 33 | 71 |
|
Niikura et al. (2013)
| 55 | Patent blue + Tc99 | Peritumoural (HSC) | 78 | 56 |
|
Sawicki et al. 2015
| 82 | Patent blue | Fundus | 74.4 | 9.8 |
|
Sahbai et al. (2016)
| 70 | Patent blue + Tc99 | Peritumoural (HSC) | 69 | 60 |
|
Zuo et al. (2018)
| 50 | CNB | Fundus | 92 | 16 |
Table 2 Sentinel lymph node detection rates: overall and bilateral detection rates (modified and supplemented from 11 ).
| Study (year) | n | Injection site | Tracer/dye (combination) | Overall detection rate (%) | Bilateral detection rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICG: indocyanine green, Tc99: technetium-99 | |||||
|
Holloway et al. (2012)
| 37 | Cervix | ICG | 100 | 97* |
|
Sinno et al. (2014)
| 71 | Cervix | ICG | 92.1* | 78.9* |
|
How et al. (2015)
| 100 | Cervix | ICG | 87* | 65* |
|
Buda et al. (2016)
| 163 | Cervix | ICG | 100 | 85* |
|
Papadia et al. (2017)
| 147 | Cervix | ICG | 96.9 | 84.1* |
|
Eriksson et al. (2017)
| 312 | Cervix | ICG | 95* | 85* |
|
Holloway et al. (2017)
| 200 | Cervix | Patent blue | 76* | 40* |
|
Frumowitz et al. (2018)
| 176 | Cervix | ICG | 96* | 78* |
|
Rozenholc et al. (2019)
| 132 | Cervix | ICG | 90.9* | – |
|
Backes et al. (2019)
| 204 | Cervix | ICG | 92* | 83* |
|
Kessous et al. (2019)
| 80 | Cervix | ICG + Tc99 | 97.5 | 81.3 |
|
Cabrera et al. (2020)
| 49 | Cervix | Methylene blue + Tc99 | 94 | 41 |
Fig. 3Principles of intraoperative evaluation of the extent and operative staging of endometrial cancer involving the sentinel lymph node. Algorithm of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Modified from 8 .
Abb. 1Darstellung der blaugefärbten Lymphbahnen mittels Patentblau sowie des Sentinellymphknotens nach Eröffnung des Retroperitoneums pelvin links. a = Sentinellymphknoten und Lymphbahn; b = A. iliaca externa; c = V. iliaca externa; d = Lig. umbilicale laterale; e = N. obturatorius.
Abb. 2Sentinelmethodik. a operatives Hysteroskop mit Injektionsnadel zur Tracer-Applikation, b Technetium-99 (farbloser Tracer in der Spritze).
Tab. 1 Detektionsraten Sentinellymphknoten in Abhängigkeit des Applikationsortes (peritumoral/Fundus uteri vs. Zervix)/der Applikationsmethode (hysteroskopisch gesteuerte Injektion) (modifiziert nach 11 ).
| Studie (Jahr) | n | Tracer/Farbstoff | Applikationsort/ Applikationsmethode | Gesamtdetektionsrate (%) | Detektionsrate paraaortal (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICG: Indocyaningrün, Tc99: Technetium-99, HSK: hysteroskopisch gesteuerte Injektion, CNB: Carbon-Nanopartikel | |||||
|
Perrone et al. (2008)
| 17 | Tc99 | peritumoral (HSK) | 65 | 18 |
|
Rossi et al. (2013)
| 17 | ICG | peritumoral (HSK) | 33 | 71 |
|
Niikura et al. (2013)
| 55 | Patentblau + Tc99 | peritumoral (HSK) | 78 | 56 |
|
Sawicki et al. 2015
| 82 | Patentblau | Fundus uteri | 74,4 | 9,8 |
|
Sahbai et al. (2016)
| 70 | Patentblau + Tc99 | peritumoral (HSK) | 69 | 60 |
|
Zuo et al. (2018)
| 50 | CNB | Fundus uteri | 92 | 16 |
Tab. 2 Detektionsraten Sentinellymphknoten: Gesamt- und bilaterale Detektionsraten (modifiziert und ergänzt nach 11 ).
| Studie (Jahr) | n | Injektionsstelle | Tracer/Farbstoff (-Kombination) | Gesamtdetektionsrate (%) | bilaterale Detektionsrate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICG: Indocyaningrün, Tc99: Technetium-99 | |||||
|
Holloway et al. (2012)
| 37 | Zervix | ICG | 100 | 97* |
|
Sinno et al. (2014)
| 71 | Zervix | ICG | 92,1* | 78,9* |
|
How et al. (2015)
| 100 | Zervix | ICG | 87* | 65* |
|
Buda et al. (2016)
| 163 | Zervix | ICG | 100 | 85* |
|
Papadia et al. (2017)
| 147 | Zervix | ICG | 96,9 | 84,1* |
|
Eriksson et al. (2017)
| 312 | Zervix | ICG | 95* | 85* |
|
Holloway et al. (2017)
| 200 | Zervix | Patentblau | 76* | 40* |
|
Frumowitz et al. (2018)
| 176 | Zervix | ICG | 96* | 78* |
|
Rozenholc et al. (2019)
| 132 | Zervix | ICG | 90,9* | – |
|
Backes et al. (2019)
| 204 | Zervix | ICG | 92* | 83* |
|
Kessous et al. (2019)
| 80 | Zervix | ICG + Tc99 | 97,5 | 81,3 |
|
Cabrera et al. (2020)
| 49 | Zervix | Methylenblau + Tc99 | 94 | 41 |
Abb. 3Grundsätze der intraoperativen Evaluation der Ausdehnung und des operativen Stagings beim Endometriumkarzinom unter Einbezug des Sentinellymphknotens. Algorithmus des National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), modifiziert nach 8 .