Ming Zhong1, Carolina Cywiak2, Abigael C Metto2, Xiang Liu1, Chunqi Qian3, Galit Pelled4. 1. Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. 2. Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. 3. Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. 4. Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. Electronic address: pelledga@msu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Combining training or sensory stimulation with non-invasive brain stimulation has shown to improve performance in healthy subjects and improve brain function in patients after brain injury. However, the plasticity mechanisms and the optimal parameters to induce long-term and sustainable enhanced performance remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: This work was designed to identify the protocols of which combining sensory stimulation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will facilitate the greatest changes in fMRI activation maps in the rat's primary somatosensory cortex (S1). METHODS: Several protocols of combining forepaw electrical stimulation with rTMS were tested, including a single stimulation session compared to multiple, daily stimulation sessions, as well as synchronous and asynchronous delivery of both modalities. High-resolution fMRI was used to determine how pairing sensory stimulation with rTMS induced short and long-term plasticity in the rat S1. RESULTS: All groups that received a single session of rTMS showed short-term increases in S1 activity, but these increases did not last three days after the session. The group that received a stimulation protocol of 10 Hz forepaw stimulation that was delivered simultaneously with 10 Hz rTMS for five consecutive days demonstrated the greatest increases in the extent of the evoked fMRI responses compared to groups that received other stimulation protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide direct indication that pairing peripheral stimulation with rTMS induces long-term plasticity, and this phenomenon appears to follow a time-dependent plasticity mechanism. These results will be important to lead the design of new training and rehabilitation paradigms and training towards achieving maximal performance in healthy subjects.
BACKGROUND: Combining training or sensory stimulation with non-invasive brain stimulation has shown to improve performance in healthy subjects and improve brain function in patients after brain injury. However, the plasticity mechanisms and the optimal parameters to induce long-term and sustainable enhanced performance remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: This work was designed to identify the protocols of which combining sensory stimulation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will facilitate the greatest changes in fMRI activation maps in the rat's primary somatosensory cortex (S1). METHODS: Several protocols of combining forepaw electrical stimulation with rTMS were tested, including a single stimulation session compared to multiple, daily stimulation sessions, as well as synchronous and asynchronous delivery of both modalities. High-resolution fMRI was used to determine how pairing sensory stimulation with rTMS induced short and long-term plasticity in the rat S1. RESULTS: All groups that received a single session of rTMS showed short-term increases in S1 activity, but these increases did not last three days after the session. The group that received a stimulation protocol of 10 Hz forepaw stimulation that was delivered simultaneously with 10 Hz rTMS for five consecutive days demonstrated the greatest increases in the extent of the evoked fMRI responses compared to groups that received other stimulation protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide direct indication that pairing peripheral stimulation with rTMS induces long-term plasticity, and this phenomenon appears to follow a time-dependent plasticity mechanism. These results will be important to lead the design of new training and rehabilitation paradigms and training towards achieving maximal performance in healthy subjects.
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Authors: Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur; Nathalie André-Obadia; Andrea Antal; Samar S Ayache; Chris Baeken; David H Benninger; Roberto M Cantello; Massimo Cincotta; Mamede de Carvalho; Dirk De Ridder; Hervé Devanne; Vincenzo Di Lazzaro; Saša R Filipović; Friedhelm C Hummel; Satu K Jääskeläinen; Vasilios K Kimiskidis; Giacomo Koch; Berthold Langguth; Thomas Nyffeler; Antonio Oliviero; Frank Padberg; Emmanuel Poulet; Simone Rossi; Paolo Maria Rossini; John C Rothwell; Carlos Schönfeldt-Lecuona; Hartwig R Siebner; Christina W Slotema; Charlotte J Stagg; Josep Valls-Sole; Ulf Ziemann; Walter Paulus; Luis Garcia-Larrea Journal: Clin Neurophysiol Date: 2014-06-05 Impact factor: 3.708