Objective: Hypertension, diabetes, depressive symptoms, and smoking are predictors of cognitive decline in late life. It is unknown if these risk factors are associated with cognition during midlife or if the associations between these risk factors and cognition vary by race. This longitudinal study examined (a) risk factors for decline in episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory in midlife women and (b) if the associations between risk factors and cognitive decline were moderated by race. Method: Participants (aged 42-52) were European American (n = 1,000), African American (n = 516), and Asian American (n = 437) women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Two-level hierarchical linear models tested risk factors, race, and their interactions as predictors of cognitive change over time. Results: African Americans had poorer baseline episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory and greater episodic memory decline compared to European Americans. Asian Americans had poorer episodic memory and working memory, but better processing speed than European Americans. Depressive symptoms were associated with poorer episodic memory and processing speed at baseline; further, diabetes was associated with poorer processing speed at baseline. Greater depressive symptoms were associated with poorer episodic memory at baseline for African Americans but not European Americans. Conclusions: Our study results highlight racial disparities in cognition during midlife. Depressive symptoms may be particularly detrimental to the cognitive health of African Americans. Clinical and public health interventions for healthy cognitive aging should be tailored to the unique risks of racial groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective: Hypertension, diabetes, depressive symptoms, and smoking are predictors of cognitive decline in late life. It is unknown if these risk factors are associated with cognition during midlife or if the associations between these risk factors and cognition vary by race. This longitudinal study examined (a) risk factors for decline in episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory in midlife women and (b) if the associations between risk factors and cognitive decline were moderated by race. Method: Participants (aged 42-52) were European American (n = 1,000), African American (n = 516), and Asian American (n = 437) women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Two-level hierarchical linear models tested risk factors, race, and their interactions as predictors of cognitive change over time. Results: African Americans had poorer baseline episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory and greater episodic memory decline compared to European Americans. Asian Americans had poorer episodic memory and working memory, but better processing speed than European Americans. Depressive symptoms were associated with poorer episodic memory and processing speed at baseline; further, diabetes was associated with poorer processing speed at baseline. Greater depressive symptoms were associated with poorer episodic memory at baseline for African Americans but not European Americans. Conclusions: Our study results highlight racial disparities in cognition during midlife. Depressive symptoms may be particularly detrimental to the cognitive health of African Americans. Clinical and public health interventions for healthy cognitive aging should be tailored to the unique risks of racial groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Authors: Elizabeth R Mayeda; M Maria Glymour; Charles P Quesenberry; Rachel A Whitmer Journal: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord Date: 2017 Jul-Sep Impact factor: 2.703
Authors: Laura K Sheridan; Hiram E Fitzgerald; Kenneth M Adams; Joel T Nigg; Michelle M Martel; Leon I Puttler; Maria M Wong; Robert A Zucker Journal: Arch Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2005-08-31 Impact factor: 2.813
Authors: Justina F Avila; Jet M J Vonk; Steven P Verney; Katie Witkiewitz; Miguel Arce Rentería; Nicole Schupf; Richard Mayeux; Jennifer J Manly Journal: Alzheimers Dement Date: 2019-10-09 Impact factor: 21.566
Authors: Ketlyne Sol; Afsara B Zaheed; A Zarina Kraal; Neika Sharifian; Miguel Arce Rentería; Laura B Zahodne Journal: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2019-12-03 Impact factor: 3.485
Authors: Rasa Kazlauskaite; Imke Janssen; Robert S Wilson; Bradley M Appelhans; Denis A Evans; Zoe Arvanitakis; Samar R El Khoudary; Howard M Kravitz Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2020-04-01 Impact factor: 5.958