| Literature DB >> 33981124 |
Paulo Henrique Jeronimo da Silva1, Vinícius Ynoe de Moraes1, Nicolau Granado Segre1, Edson Sasahara Sato1, Flávio Faloppa1, João Carlos Belloti1.
Abstract
Objective The present paper aims to evaluate the therapeutic planning for trigger finger by Brazilian orthopedists. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a population composed of participants from the 2018 Brazilian Congress on Orthopedics and Traumatology (CBOT-2018, in the Portuguese acronym), who answered a questionnaire about the conduct adopted for trigger finger diagnosis and treatment. Results A total of 243 participants were analyzed, with an average age of 37.46 years old; most participants were male (88%), with at least 1 year of experience (55.6%) and from Southeast Brazil (68.3%). Questionnaire analysis revealed a consensus on the following issues: diagnosis based on physical examination alone (73.3%), use of the Quinnell classification modified by Green (58.4%), initial nonsurgical treatment (91.4%), infiltration of steroids combined with an anesthetic agent (61.7%), nonsurgical treatment time ranging from 1 to 3 months (52.3%), surgical treatment using the open approach (84.4%), mainly the transverse open approach (51%), triggering recurrence as the main nonsurgical complication (58%), and open surgery success in > 90% of the cases (63%), with healing intercurrences (54%) as the main complication. There was no consensus on the remaining variables. Orthopedists with different practicing times disagree on treatment duration ( p = 0.013) and on the complication rate of open surgery ( p = 0.010). Conclusions Brazilian orthopedists prefer to diagnose trigger finger with physical examination alone, to classify it according to the Quinnell method modified by Green, to institute an initial nonsurgical treatment, to perform infiltrations with steroids and local anesthetic agents, to sustain the nonsurgical treatment for 1 to 3 months, and to perform the surgical treatment using a transverse open approach; in addition, they state that the main nonsurgical complication was triggering recurrence, and report open surgery success in > 90% of the cases, with healing intercurrences as the main complication. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: cross-sectional study; questionnaire; stenosing tenosynovitis; trigger finger
Year: 2020 PMID: 33981124 PMCID: PMC8101557 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721363
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Demographics of the respondents
| Variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 29 | 12.0 |
| Male | 212 | 88.0 |
| Unknown | 2 | |
|
| ||
| Southeast | 155 | 63.8 |
| Northeast | 28 | 11.5 |
| South | 28 | 11.5 |
| Central-West | 18 | 7.4 |
| North | 14 | 5.8 |
|
| ||
| Resident | 98 | 40.3 |
| Up to 1 year | 10 | 4.1 |
| 1-5 years | 35 | 14.4 |
| 5-10 years | 26 | 10.7 |
| > 10 years | 74 | 30.5 |
|
| ||
| Orthopedics Residence | 91 | 37.4 |
| Trauma | 48 | 19.8 |
| Knee | 24 | 9.9 |
| Hand | 17 | 7 |
| Hand Surgery Residence | 12 | 4.9 |
| Shoulder/Elbow | 11 | 4.5 |
| Spine | 10 | 4.1 |
| Pediatrics | 8 | 3.3 |
| Foot/Ankle | 7 | 2.9 |
| External Fixation | 5 | 2.1 |
| Hip | 5 | 2.1 |
| Bone Tumor | 4 | 1.6 |
| Sports Trauma | 1 | 0.4 |
|
|
|
|
Fig. 1Diagnosis and treatment of trigger finger. Abbreviations: IM, Intramuscular route; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PO, oral route.
Fig. 2Success and complications of trigger finger treatments. Surgical wound complications include adhesions, hematoma, and infection. Abbreviations: ROM, range of motion.
Respondents profile according to practicing time
| Practicing Time | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Resident (
|
≤ 5 years (
|
> 5 years (
| |||||
| Variable |
| ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Mean | 29.65 ± 3.58 | 32.60 ± 3.17 | 47.30 ± 10.50 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Male | 77 | 78.6 | 39 | 88.6 | 96 | 97.0 |
|
| Female | 21 | 21.4 | 5 | 11.4 | 3 | 3.0 | |
| Unknown | 2 | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Southeast | 68 | 69.39 | 25 | 55.56 | 62 | 62.0 | 0.227** |
| Central-West | 9 | 8.82 | 1 | 2.22 | 8 | 8.0 | |
| Northeast | 9 | 8.82 | 9 | 20.00 | 10 | 10.0 | |
| North | 4 | 3.92 | 2 | 4.44 | 8 | 8.0 | |
| South | 8 | 7.84 | 8 | 17.78 | 12 | 12.0 | |
ANOVA*, Fischer test,** and chi-squared tests*** were used, considering p < 0.05 for statistically significant difference.
Nonsurgical diagnosis and treatment of trigger finger according to the practicing time of the orthopedist
| Practicing Time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable |
Resident (
|
≤ 5 years (
|
> 5 years (
|
|
|
| ||||
| Physical examination alone (locking) | 68 (69.4%) | 34 (75.6%) | 76 (76.0%) | 0.146** |
| Physical examination and ultrasonography | 30 (30.6%) | 9 (20.0%) | 23 (23.0%) | |
| Physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Green | 50 (51.0%) | 28 (62.2%) | 64 (64.0%) | 0.375* |
| I do not use a classification system to treat | 27 (27.6%) | 10 (22.2%) | 18 (18.0%) | |
| Quinell | 21 (21.4%) | 7 (15.6%) | 18 (18.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Physical therapy | 43 (43.9%) | 17 (37.8%) | 53 (53.0%) | 0.672** |
| A1 Pulley infiltration | 34 (34.7%) | 17 (37.8%) | 26 (26.0%) | |
| Surgical treatment | 9 (9.2%) | 5 (11.1%) | 7 (7.0%) | |
| NSAIDs, PO | 7 (7.1%) | 2 (4.4%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Steroid, IM | 2 (2.0%) | 2 (4.4%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Immobilization | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (2.2%) | 4 (4.0%) | |
| Rest | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Steroid with anesthetic agent | 62 (63.3%) | 29 (64.4%) | 59 (59.0%) | 0.626** |
| I do not perform infiltrations | 21 (21.4%) | 8 (17.8%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| Steroids | 15 (15.3%) | 8 (17.8%) | 19 (19.0%) | |
| Hyaluronic acid | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| None | 19 (19.4%) | 10 (22.2%) | 20 (20.0%) | 0.274** |
| 1 | 41 (41.8%) | 10 (22.2%) | 32 (32.0%) | |
| 2 | 34 (34.7%) | 20 (44.5%) | 43 (43.0%) | |
| ≥ 3 | 4 (4.1%)00 | 5 (11.1%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| < 1 month | 7 (7.1%) | 8 (17.8%) | 11 (11.0%) |
|
| 1-3 months | 46 (46.9%) | 29 (64.4%) | 52 (52.0%) | |
| 3-6 months | 37 (37.8%) | 8 (17.8%) | 34 (34.0%) | |
| > 6 months | 8 (8.2%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Triggering recurrence | 55 (56.1%) | 27 (60.0%) | 58 (58.0%) | |
| Persistent local pain | 27 (27.6%) | 8 (17.8%) | 21 (21.0%) | 0.805** |
| Limited finger ROM | 14 (14.3%) | 9 (20.0%) | 17 (17.0%) | |
| Tendon rupture | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (2.2%) | 4 (4.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| 0-30% | 25 (25.5%) | 9 (20.0%) | 30 (30.0%) | 0.616** |
| 30-60% | 47 (48.0%) | 22 (48.9%) | 43 (43.0%) | |
| 60-90% | 24 (24.5%) | 11 (24.4%) | 21 (21.0%) | |
| > 90% | 2 (2.0%) | 3 (6.7%) | 6 (6.0%) | |
Abbreviations: IM, Intramuscular route; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PO: oral route; ROM, range of motion.
Healing complications include adhesions, hematoma, and infection. Fischer test** and chi-squared test*** were used, considering p <0.05 for statistically significant difference.
Surgical treatment for trigger finger according the practicing time of the orthopedist
| Practicing Time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable |
Resident (
|
≤ 5 years (
|
> 5 years (
|
|
|
| ||||
| Sedation with local anesthesia | 35 (35.7%) | 17 (37.8%) | 42 (42.0%) | 0.953** |
| Limb regional block # | 23 (23.5%) | 12 (26.7%) | 21 (21.0%) | |
| Local anesthetic agent with no vasoconstrictor drug | 21 (21.4%) | 9 (20.0%) | 16 (16.0%) | |
| Brachial plexus regional block | 10 (10.2%) | 4 (8.9%) | 8 (8.0%) | |
| Local anesthetic agent with vasoconstrictor drug | 7 (7.2%) | 3 (6.6%) | 9 (9.0%) | |
| General anesthesia with laryngeal mask | 2 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Transversal open approach | 48 (49.0%) | 24 (53.3%) | 52 (52.0%) | |
| Oblique open approach | 22 (22.4%) | 6 (13.3%) | 15 (15.0%) | |
| Percutaneous release | 18 (18.4%) | 7 (15.6%) | 13 (13.0%) | 0.366* |
| Longitudinal open approach | 10 (10.2%) | 8 (17.8%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Triggering recurrence | 44 (44.9%) | 23 (51.1%) | 50 (50.0%) | |
| Persistent local pain | 20 (20.4%) | 12 (26.8%) | 17 (17.0%) | 0.806** |
| I do not perform percutaneous surgery | 13 (13.2%) | 5 (11.1%) | 13 (13.0%) | |
| Tendon rupture | 8 (8.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | 11 (11.0%) | |
| Operated finger ROM limitation | 5 (5.1%) | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (2.0%) | |
| Nerve injury | 4 (4.1%) | 1 (2.2%) | 4 (4.0%) | |
| Surgical wound complications | 4 (4.1%) | 2 (4.4%) | 3 (3.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Surgical wound complications | 49 (50.0%) | 26 (57.8%) | 55 (55.0%) |
|
| Persistent local pain | 32 (32.6%) | 10 (22.2%) | 21 (21.0%) | |
| Operated finger ROM limitation | 8 (8.2%) | 7 (15.6%) | 3 (3.0%) | |
| Triggering recurrence | 8 (8.2%) | 2 (4.4%) | 16 (16.0%) | |
| Nerve injury | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| 0-30% | 8 (8.2%) | 3 (6.7%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0.858* |
| 30-60% | 18 (18.4%) | 9 (20.0%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| 60-90% | 46 (46.9%) | 17 (37.8%) | 41 (41.0%) | |
| > 90% | 14 (14.3%) | 10 (22.2%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| I do not perform percutaneous surgery | 12 (12.2%) | 6 (13.3%) | 15 (15.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| 0-30% | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.513* |
| 30-60% | 4 (4.1%) | 2 (4.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| 60-90% | 34 (34.7%) | 12 (26.7%) | 35 (35.0%) | |
| > 90% | 60 (61.2%) | 31 (68.9%) | 63 (63.0%) | |
Abbreviation: ROM, Range of motion.
Surgical wound complications include adhesions, hematoma, and infection; regional limb block refers to an intravenous Bier block. Fischer test** and chi-squared test*** were used, considering p < 0.05 for statistically significant difference..
Característica da população de respondedores
| Variáveis | N | % |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Feminino | 29 | 12,0 |
| Masculino | 212 | 88,0 |
| Desconhecido | 2 | |
|
| ||
| Sudeste | 155 | 63,8 |
| Nordeste | 28 | 11,5 |
| Sul | 28 | 11,5 |
| Centro-Oeste | 18 | 7,4 |
| Norte | 14 | 5,8 |
|
| ||
| Residente | 98 | 40,3 |
| Até 1 ano | 10 | 4,1 |
| 1-5 anos | 35 | 14,4 |
| 5-10 anos | 26 | 10,7 |
| Mais que 10 anos | 74 | 30,5 |
|
| ||
| Residente Ortopedia | 91 | 37,4 |
| Trauma | 48 | 19,8 |
| Joelho | 24 | 9,9 |
| Mão | 17 | 7 |
| Residente Cirurgia da Mão | 12 | 4,9 |
| Ombro/Cotovelo | 11 | 4,5 |
| Coluna | 10 | 4,1 |
| Pediatria | 8 | 3,3 |
| Tornozelo e Pé | 7 | 2,9 |
| Fixador Externo | 5 | 2,1 |
| Quadril | 5 | 2,1 |
| Tumor Ósseo | 4 | 1,6 |
| Trauma do esporte | 1 | 0,4 |
|
|
|
|
Abreviações: Min: Mínimo; Max: Máximo.
Fig. 1Diagnóstico e tratamento do dedos em gatilho. Legenda: IM: intramuscular; AINES VO: anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) administrados por via oral.
Fig. 2Sucesso e complicações dos tratamentos para o dedo em gatilho. Legenda: Complicações da incisão cirúrgica (aderências, hematoma, infecção). Legenda: ADM: Amplitude de movimento.
Perfil dos respondedores de acordo com o tempo de atuação do ortopedista
| Tempo de Atuação | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residente (N = 98) | ≤ 5 anos (N = 45) | > 5 anos (N = 100) | |||||
| Variável |
| ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Média | 29,65 ± 3,58 | 32,60 ± 3,17 | 47,30 ± 10,50 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Masculino | 77 | 78,6 | 39 | 88,6 | 96 | 97,0 |
|
| Feminino | 21 | 21,4 | 5 | 11,4 | 3 | 3,0 | |
| Desconhecido | 2 | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Sudeste | 68 | 69,39 | 25 | 55,56 | 62 | 62,0 | 0,227** |
| Centro-oeste | 9 | 8,82 | 1 | 2,22 | 8 | 8,0 | |
| Nordeste | 9 | 8,82 | 9 | 20,00 | 10 | 10,0 | |
| Norte | 4 | 3,92 | 2 | 4,44 | 8 | 8,0 | |
| Sul | 8 | 7,84 | 8 | 17,78 | 12 | 12,0 | |
Foram utilizados o teste ANOVA*, Teste de Fischer** e Qui-quadrado***, considerando como diferença estatisticamente significativa valores de p < 0,05.
Diagnóstico e tratamento não cirúrgico do dedo em gatilho de acordo com o tempo de atuação do ortopedista
| Tempo de Atuação | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variável | Residente (n = 98) | ≤ 5 anos (n = 45) | > 5 anos (n = 100) |
|
|
| ||||
| Apenas exame físico (travamento) | 68 (69,4%) | 34 (75,6%) | 76 (76,0%) | 0,146** |
| Exame físico e ultrassom | 30 (30,6%) | 9 (20,0%) | 23 (23,0%) | |
| Exame físico e RM | 0 (0%) | 2 (4,4%) | 1 (1,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Green | 50 (51,0%) | 28 (62,2%) | 64 (64,0%) | 0,375* |
| Não uso classificação para tratar | 27 (27,6%) | 10 (22,2%) | 18 (18,0%) | |
| Quinell | 21 (21,4%) | 7 (15,6%) | 18 (18,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Fisioterapia | 43 (43,9%) | 17 (37,8%) | 53 (53,0%) | 0,672** |
| Infiltração polia A1 | 34 (34,7%) | 17 (37,8%) | 26 (26,0%) | |
| Tratamento cirúrgico | 9 (9,2%) | 5 (11,1%) | 7 (7,0%) | |
| AINEs VO | 7 (7,1%) | 2 (4,4%) | 5 (5,0%) | |
| Corticoide IM | 2 (2,0%) | 2 (4,4%) | 5 (5,0%) | |
| Imobilização | 2 (2,0%) | 1 (2,2%) | 4 (4,0%) | |
| Repouso | 1 (1,0%) | 1 (2,2%) | 0 (0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Corticoide com anestésico | 62 (63,3%) | 29 (64,4%) | 59 (59,0%) | 0,626** |
| Não faz infiltração | 21 (21,4%) | 8 (17,8%) | 20 (20,0%) | |
| Corticoide | 15 (15,3%) | 8 (17,8%) | 19 (19,0%) | |
| Ácido Hialurônico | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Nenhuma | 19 (19,4%) | 10 (22,2%) | 20 (20,0%) | 0,274** |
| 1 | 41 (41,8%) | 10 (22,2%) | 32 (32,0%) | |
| 2 | 34 (34,7%) | 20 (44,5%) | 43 (43,0%) | |
| ≥ 3 | 4 (4,1%)00 | 5 (11,1%) | 5 (5,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| < 1 mês | 7 (7,1%) | 8 (17,8%) | 11 (11,0%) |
|
| 1-3 meses | 46 (46,9%) | 29 (64,4%) | 52 (52,0%) | |
| 3-6 meses | 37 (37,8%) | 8 (17,8%) | 34 (34,0%) | |
| > 6 meses | 8 (8,2%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Recidiva do engatilhamento | 55 (56,1%) | 27 (60,0%) | 58 (58,0%) | |
| Dor local persistente | 27 (27,6%) | 8 (17,8%) | 21 (21,0%) | 0,805** |
| Limitação ADM do dedo | 14 (14,3%) | 9 (20,0%) | 17 (17,0%) | |
| Rotura tendínea | 2 (2,0%) | 1 (2,2%) | 4 (4,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| 0-30% | 25 (25,5%) | 9 (20,0%) | 30 (30,0%) | 0,616** |
| 30-60% | 47 (48,0%) | 22 (48,9%) | 43 (43,0%) | |
| 60-90% | 24 (24,5%) | 11 (24,4%) | 21 (21,0%) | |
| > 90% | 2 (2,0%) | 3 (6,7%) | 6 (6,0%) | |
Legenda: complicações cicatriciais (aderências, hematoma, infecção). Foram utilizados os Teste de Fischer** e Qui-quadrado***, considerando como diferença estatisticamente significativa valores de p < 0,05.
Tratamento cirúrgico do dedo em gatilho de acordo com o tempo de atuação do ortopedista
| Tempo de Atuação | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variável | Residente (n = 98) | ≤ 5 anos (n = 45) | >5 anos (n = 100) |
|
|
| ||||
| Sedação com anestésico local | 35 (35,7%) | 17 (37,8%) | 42 (42,0%) | 0,953** |
| Bloqueio regional do membro # | 23 (23,5%) | 12 (26,7%) | 21 (21,0%) | |
| Anestésico local sem vasoconstritor | 21 (21,4%) | 9 (20,0%) | 16 (16,0%) | |
| Bloqueio regional do plexo braquial | 10 (10,2%) | 4 (8,9%) | 8 (8,0%) | |
| Anestésico local com vasoconstritor | 7 (7,2%) | 3 (6,6%) | 9 (9,0%) | |
| Anestesia geral com máscara laríngea | 2 (2,0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Via aberta transversa | 48 (49,0%) | 24 (53,3%) | 52 (52,0%) | |
| Via aberta obliqua | 22 (22,4%) | 6 (13,3%) | 15 (15,0%) | |
| Liberação percutânea | 18 (18,4%) | 7 (15,6%) | 13 (13,0%) | 0,366* |
| Via aberta longitudinal | 10 (10,2%) | 8 (17,8%) | 20 (20,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Recidiva do engatilhamento | 44 (44,9%) | 23 (51,1%) | 50 (50,0%) | |
| Dor local persistente | 20 (20,4%) | 12 (26,8%) | 17 (17,0%) | 0,806** |
| Não faço cirurgia percutânea | 13 (13,2%) | 5 (11,1%) | 13 (13,0%) | |
| Rotura tendínea | 8 (8,2%) | 1 (2,2%) | 11 (11,0%) | |
| Limitação ADM do dedo operado | 5 (5,1%) | 1 (2,2%) | 2 (2,0%) | |
| Lesão nervosa | 4 (4,1%) | 1 (2,2%) | 4 (4,0%) | |
| Complicações da incisão cirúrgica | 4 (4,1%) | 2 (4,4%) | 3 (3,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Complicações da incisão cirúrgica | 49 (50,0%) | 26 (57,8%) | 55 (55,0%) |
|
| Dor local persistente | 32 (32,6%) | 10 (22,2%) | 21 (21,0%) | |
| Limitação ADM do dedo operado | 8 (8,2%) | 7 (15,6%) | 3 (3,0%) | |
| Recidiva do engatilhamento | 8 (8,2%) | 2 (4,4%) | 16 (16,0%) | |
| Lesão nervosa | 1 (1,0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (5,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| 0-30% | 8 (8,2%) | 3 (6,7%) | 4 (4,0%) | 0,858* |
| 30-60% | 18 (18,4%) | 9 (20,0%) | 20 (20,0%) | |
| 60-90% | 46 (46,9%) | 17 (37,8%) | 41 (41,0%) | |
| > 90% | 14 (14,3%) | 10 (22,2%) | 20 (20,0%) | |
| Não faço cirurgia percutânea | 12 (12,2%) | 6 (13,3%) | 15 (15,0%) | |
|
| ||||
| 0-30% | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0,513* |
| 30-60% | 4 (4,1%) | 2 (4,4%) | 1 (1,0%) | |
| 60-90% | 34 (34,7%) | 12 (26,7%) | 35 (35,0%) | |
| > 90% | 60 (61,2%) | 31 (68,9%) | 63 (63,0%) | |
Abreviação: ADM, amplitude de movimento.
Complicações da incisão cirúrgica (aderências, hematoma, infecção); # Bloqueio regional do membro (venoso bier). Foram utilizados os Teste de Fischer** e Qui-quadrado***, considerando como diferença estatisticamente significativa valores de p < 0,05.