Kristin Ashford1, Andrea McCubbin2, Janine Barnett1, Lisa M Blair1, Feitong Lei3, Heather Bush3, Alison Breland4. 1. Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, 751 Rose Street, #447, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. 2. Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, 751 Rose Street, #447, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. Akmccu0@uky.edu. 3. Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA. 4. Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the US, approximately 8% of pregnant women smoke, and 5-11.9% currently use ENDS products. The health effects of ENDS use are debated; however, most contain nicotine which is known to cause adverse perinatal outcomes. Studies have shown adult ENDS users significantly alter use behaviors over time (switch to conventional cigarettes-only or dual use) thus complicating efforts to examine health effects of ENDS use. The purpose of this study was to describe switching behaviors and associated birth outcomes among infants of women using conventional cigarettes only, ENDS-only, or both. METHODS: This was a multisite, longitudinal study of biologically confirmed perinatal tobacco users, with nicotine product use assessed each trimester. For the purpose of analysis, participants were defined as switchers, no-switchers, or quitters. Birth outcomes were abstracted from electronic medical records. Analysis included descriptive statistics, linear and multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, preterm birth, smoking behavior in the first trimester, and an interaction between smoking switching behavior and smoking behavior in the first trimester. Analysis was conducted using SAS v9.4 with significance determined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: At enrollment, 48.6% of participants used only conventional cigarettes, 41.7% were dual users, and 10% used ENDS-only. While almost two-thirds of participants used the same tobacco product throughout pregnancy, 26% reported switching behaviors that were complex and not easily clustered. No differences were found in birth outcomes between switchers and no-switchers; however, a difference emerged in birth weight between no-switchers and quitters. DISCUSSION: Given the limited data on health effects of ENDS use, and the known harmful consequences of perinatal nicotine use, capturing and classifying product switching behaviors is imperative to inform public health, and remains a challenge requiring further research.
INTRODUCTION: In the US, approximately 8% of pregnant women smoke, and 5-11.9% currently use ENDS products. The health effects of ENDS use are debated; however, most contain nicotine which is known to cause adverse perinatal outcomes. Studies have shown adult ENDS users significantly alter use behaviors over time (switch to conventional cigarettes-only or dual use) thus complicating efforts to examine health effects of ENDS use. The purpose of this study was to describe switching behaviors and associated birth outcomes among infants of women using conventional cigarettes only, ENDS-only, or both. METHODS: This was a multisite, longitudinal study of biologically confirmed perinatal tobacco users, with nicotine product use assessed each trimester. For the purpose of analysis, participants were defined as switchers, no-switchers, or quitters. Birth outcomes were abstracted from electronic medical records. Analysis included descriptive statistics, linear and multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, preterm birth, smoking behavior in the first trimester, and an interaction between smoking switching behavior and smoking behavior in the first trimester. Analysis was conducted using SAS v9.4 with significance determined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: At enrollment, 48.6% of participants used only conventional cigarettes, 41.7% were dual users, and 10% used ENDS-only. While almost two-thirds of participants used the same tobacco product throughout pregnancy, 26% reported switching behaviors that were complex and not easily clustered. No differences were found in birth outcomes between switchers and no-switchers; however, a difference emerged in birth weight between no-switchers and quitters. DISCUSSION: Given the limited data on health effects of ENDS use, and the known harmful consequences of perinatal nicotine use, capturing and classifying product switching behaviors is imperative to inform public health, and remains a challenge requiring further research.
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