Literature DB >> 33953521

Let's not Clinically Miss Testicular Torsion in Patients Presenting with Lower Abdominal Pain and Vomiting.

Pankaj N Maheshwari1, Amandeep M Arora1.   

Abstract

Entities:  

Year:  2021        PMID: 33953521      PMCID: PMC8074828          DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_262_20

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg        ISSN: 0971-9261


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Sir, Recently, three young boys lost a testis as the surgical management for the torsion testis got delayed due to their atypical presentation and missed clinical findings. Testicular torsion is the most common urological emergency in children, and most boys present with acute-onset scrotal pain with swelling. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical de-torsion with orchiopexy is extremely important for testicular salvage. Even after testicular salvage procedures, 41.4% of the patients can eventually experience testicular atrophy.[1] Obviously, timely testis-preserving surgery tends to better maintain testicular function than orchiectomy.[2] It also helps the child to maintain his self-confidence and a positive body image. All the three boys (age range: 6–13 years) presented to their primary care pediatrician with acute-onset abdominal pain and vomiting. None of them had any scrotal pain or swelling. Without clinical examination of the scrotum, they were treated medically for their abdominal symptoms, leading to a significant delay in the diagnosis of torsion. Timely clinical examination could have led to prompt diagnosis and probably testicular salvage, but the average delay in diagnosis was 4.66 days. The torsion was diagnosed on the 3rd, 4th, and 7th day. Orchiectomy with opposite-side orchiopexy was needed in all the three cases. Such atypical presentation is reported in literature, and nearly 12% of children can present only with abdominal pain.[3] The exact pathophysiology of testicular torsion presenting with abdominal pain is not clear. It could be related to a common innervation between the scrotum (L1 in the anterior part and S2 and S3 in its posterior part), testis, and abdominal organs. The cause could just be mechanical when the twisted spermatic cord or the tensed cremaster muscle pulls and stimulates the peritoneum.[3] The risk of testicular loss is very high if there is delay in the initial diagnosis of testicular torsion.[4] The loss of one testis may not significantly impact later paternity or erectile function, but it surely impacts the child's body image and self-confidence.[5] Taking an effort to examine the scrotum of every child presenting with abdominal pain is very important. Concerted efforts are needed in educating the primary care and the emergency department physician the importance of clinical examination of scrotum in every child presenting with acute abdomen. This would not only help prevent testicular loss but also reduce the chance of medicolegal implications for the treating clinician.

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Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.
  4 in total

1.  Testicular Loss in Children Due to Incorrect Early Diagnosis of Torsion.

Authors:  Vijay Kumar; Pallavi Matai; Santosh Padubidri Prabhu; P T Sundeep
Journal:  Clin Pediatr (Phila)       Date:  2020-02-05       Impact factor: 1.168

2.  Paternity, erectile function, and health-related quality of life in patients operated for pediatric testicular torsion.

Authors:  Eija P Mäkelä; Risto P Roine; Seppo Taskinen
Journal:  J Pediatr Urol       Date:  2019-10-18       Impact factor: 1.830

3.  Prognosis of testicular torsion orchiopexy.

Authors:  Meng He; Mujie Li; Weiping Zhang
Journal:  Andrologia       Date:  2019-11-12       Impact factor: 2.775

4.  Clinical evaluation of testicular torsion presenting with acute abdominal pain in young males.

Authors:  Fujun Wang; Zengnan Mo
Journal:  Asian J Urol       Date:  2018-05-26
  4 in total

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