Osvaldo Fonseca-Rodríguez1, Miguel San Sebastián2. 1. Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden. osvaldo.fonseca@umu.se. 2. Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Femicide is a very important public health problem in Ecuador. Since regional and country-level femicide rates can obscure significant variations at the sub-national level, it is important to provide information at the lowest relevant level of disaggregation to be able to develop targeted preventive policies. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of the femicide rate and to examine its spatial clustering at the canton level in Ecuador in the period 2018-2019. METHODS: Data on cases were collected by a national network of non-governmental organizations. Two age-disaggregated analyses were done, one for the 15 to 24 years-olds and the other for the female population of 15 and older. Age-specific population data were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics for the study period. Standardized mortality ratios for mapping the mortality were calculated using hierarchical Bayesian models and spatial scan statistics were applied to identify local clusters. Thematic maps of age-specific femicide rates were also constructed. RESULTS: During the two-year period, 61 and 183 women were killed in the age ranges 15-24 and 15 years and older, respectively. The annual rate of femicides in Ecuador was 1.0 and 0.8 per 100,000 in the female population aged 15-24 and 15+, respectively, with substantial variations among cantons. The spatial analysis contributed to visualize high risk cantons, which were mainly located in a small area in the central part of the country (for those 15+) but especially in the Amazon region, for both of the studied age groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown the usefulness of applying spatial analysis to the problem of femicides in Ecuador. The study has revealed important variations among cantons but also a spatial clustering, mainly in the Amazon region of the country. The results should help policymakers to focus on current prevention programmes for violence against women into these high-risk areas. Continuous monitoring of femicides at low-level geographical areas is highly recommended.
BACKGROUND:Femicide is a very important public health problem in Ecuador. Since regional and country-level femicide rates can obscure significant variations at the sub-national level, it is important to provide information at the lowest relevant level of disaggregation to be able to develop targeted preventive policies. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of the femicide rate and to examine its spatial clustering at the canton level in Ecuador in the period 2018-2019. METHODS: Data on cases were collected by a national network of non-governmental organizations. Two age-disaggregated analyses were done, one for the 15 to 24 years-olds and the other for the female population of 15 and older. Age-specific population data were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics for the study period. Standardized mortality ratios for mapping the mortality were calculated using hierarchical Bayesian models and spatial scan statistics were applied to identify local clusters. Thematic maps of age-specific femicide rates were also constructed. RESULTS: During the two-year period, 61 and 183 women were killed in the age ranges 15-24 and 15 years and older, respectively. The annual rate of femicides in Ecuador was 1.0 and 0.8 per 100,000 in the female population aged 15-24 and 15+, respectively, with substantial variations among cantons. The spatial analysis contributed to visualize high risk cantons, which were mainly located in a small area in the central part of the country (for those 15+) but especially in the Amazon region, for both of the studied age groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown the usefulness of applying spatial analysis to the problem of femicides in Ecuador. The study has revealed important variations among cantons but also a spatial clustering, mainly in the Amazon region of the country. The results should help policymakers to focus on current prevention programmes for violence against women into these high-risk areas. Continuous monitoring of femicides at low-level geographical areas is highly recommended.
Authors: Jacquelyn C Campbell; Daniel Webster; Jane Koziol-McLain; Carolyn Block; Doris Campbell; Mary Ann Curry; Faye Gary; Nancy Glass; Judith McFarlane; Carolyn Sachs; Phyllis Sharps; Yvonne Ulrich; Susan A Wilt; Jennifer Manganello; Xiao Xu; Janet Schollenberger; Victoria Frye; Kathryn Laughon Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2003-07 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: J Gaines Wilson; Jessica Ballou; Chris Yan; Susan P Fisher-Hoch; Belinda Reininger; Jennifer Gay; Jennifer Salinas; Pablo Sanchez; Yvette Salinas; Fidel Calvillo; Leonel Lopez; Ionara P Delima; Joseph B McCormick Journal: Health Place Date: 2010-08-14 Impact factor: 4.078
Authors: Jin Chen; Robert E Roth; Adam T Naito; Eugene J Lengerich; Alan M Maceachren Journal: Int J Health Geogr Date: 2008-11-07 Impact factor: 3.918
Authors: Esteban Ortiz-Prado; Paola Villagran; Ana Lucia Martinez-Abarca; Aquiles R Henriquez-Trujillo; Katherine Simbaña-Rivera; Lenin Ana M Gómez-BarrenoDiaz; Carla E Moyano; Vanessa Arcos-Valle; Maria Dolores Miño; Sara A Morgan Journal: BMC Womens Health Date: 2022-06-27 Impact factor: 2.742