Susanne Olesen Schaarup1, Eva Wetke2, Lars Aage Glud Konradsen3, James David Forbes Calder4,5. 1. Department of Orthopaedics, Naestved Hospital, Ringstedgade 61, 4700, Naestved, Denmark. suspost@hotmail.com. 2. Department of Orthopaedics, Zealand University Hospital Koege, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark. 3. Department of Orthopaedics, IOC Centre of Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark. 4. Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge Street, London, W1H 6EQ, UK. 5. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, UK.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The biarticular anatomy of the gastrocnemii is an important mechanism of knee-ankle coupling and differential elongation may affect this function leading to weakness of the push-off phase during the gait. Achilles tendon ruptures may cause detachment of the gastrocnemius tendon from the soleus aponeurosis with subsequent differential elongation of the individual subtendons. This study investigated the effects of such detachment by investigating tendon fusion levels of the two muscle groups, and the effect of sequential differential elongation of the gastrocnemius on the Achilles tendon resting angle (ATRA) and to the knee-ankle coupling. METHODS: Conjoined tendon length (CTL) was measured in 23 cadavers. ATRA in knee extension (ATRA 0) and 90-degree knee flexion (ATRA 90) was measured with the gastrocnemius tendons (GT) intact, transected and with the gap reduced in 5-mm increments. In 15 specimens, knee-ankle coupling was examined. RESULTS: Considerable anatomical variation was present with CTL ranging from 2 to 40% of fibular length. In the intact triceps, surae ATRA 0 differed from ATRA 90 by 6 degrees (p < 0.001). Cutting the gastrocnemius caused an immediate separation of the tendon ends by 19 mm. ATRA 0 and ATRA 90 increased 8 and 4 degrees (p < 0.001), significantly larger increase for ATRA 0 (p < 0.001). Lengthening the gastrocnemius 10 mm altered the coupling point 10 degrees towards dorsiflexion. Transfixing the gastrocnemius at the level of the gap where the Achilles was sectioned, decoupled the knee-ankle coupling in all but two specimens. A moderate correlation between CTL and length of the medial gastrocnemius tendon was found. CONCLUSIONS: A greater relative ATRA 0 than relative ATRA 90 indicates differential elongation of the gastrocnemius. By elongating the gastrocnemius the knee-ankle coupling point shifts dorsally, and 20 mm elongation completely decouples the knee-ankle coupling. Independent lengthening of the gastrocnemius may explain the loss of power experienced by some patients following acute Achilles tendon rupture despite what would appear to be appropriate approximation of the ruptured tendon ends. Recognizing this occurrence is crucial when treating Achilles tendon ruptures and such patients require surgical correction in order to avoid long-term weakness of push-off strength.
PURPOSE: The biarticular anatomy of the gastrocnemii is an important mechanism of knee-ankle coupling and differential elongation may affect this function leading to weakness of the push-off phase during the gait. Achilles tendon ruptures may cause detachment of the gastrocnemius tendon from the soleus aponeurosis with subsequent differential elongation of the individual subtendons. This study investigated the effects of such detachment by investigating tendon fusion levels of the two muscle groups, and the effect of sequential differential elongation of the gastrocnemius on the Achilles tendon resting angle (ATRA) and to the knee-ankle coupling. METHODS: Conjoined tendon length (CTL) was measured in 23 cadavers. ATRA in knee extension (ATRA 0) and 90-degree knee flexion (ATRA 90) was measured with the gastrocnemius tendons (GT) intact, transected and with the gap reduced in 5-mm increments. In 15 specimens, knee-ankle coupling was examined. RESULTS: Considerable anatomical variation was present with CTL ranging from 2 to 40% of fibular length. In the intact triceps, surae ATRA 0 differed from ATRA 90 by 6 degrees (p < 0.001). Cutting the gastrocnemius caused an immediate separation of the tendon ends by 19 mm. ATRA 0 and ATRA 90 increased 8 and 4 degrees (p < 0.001), significantly larger increase for ATRA 0 (p < 0.001). Lengthening the gastrocnemius 10 mm altered the coupling point 10 degrees towards dorsiflexion. Transfixing the gastrocnemius at the level of the gap where the Achilles was sectioned, decoupled the knee-ankle coupling in all but two specimens. A moderate correlation between CTL and length of the medial gastrocnemius tendon was found. CONCLUSIONS: A greater relative ATRA 0 than relative ATRA 90 indicates differential elongation of the gastrocnemius. By elongating the gastrocnemius the knee-ankle coupling point shifts dorsally, and 20 mm elongation completely decouples the knee-ankle coupling. Independent lengthening of the gastrocnemius may explain the loss of power experienced by some patients following acute Achilles tendon rupture despite what would appear to be appropriate approximation of the ruptured tendon ends. Recognizing this occurrence is crucial when treating Achilles tendon ruptures and such patients require surgical correction in order to avoid long-term weakness of push-off strength.
Authors: Adrian Baddar; Kevin Granata; Diane L Damiano; David V Carmines; John S Blanco; Mark F Abel Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am Date: 2002-05 Impact factor: 5.284