Oscar Bautista Díaz Delgado1, Luis Filipe Louro2, Guido Rocchigiani3, Ranieri Verin4, William Humphreys2, Mark Senior5, Ivo Campagna6. 1. Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: obautdia@gmail.com. 2. Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 3. Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 4. Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. 5. Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 6. Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To describe dye distribution and spinal nerve involvement after a simulated erector spinae plane (ESP) block performed on fresh equine cadavers. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental cadaver study. ANIMALS: A group of 11 adult equine cadavers. METHODS: The spinal region surrounding the sixteenth thoracic vertebra (Th16) of one cadaver was removed and underwent magnetic resonance imaging. In 10 adult equine cadavers [body weight, 549 ± 58 kg (mean ± standard deviation)], 0.2 mL kg-1 of a 50:1 2% lidocaine/dye solution was injected bilaterally (n = 20 injections) into the fascial plane between the transverse process of Th16 and the erector spinae muscles. An in-plane ultrasound-guided technique with a convex transducer was used to guide injection. Dissection was performed immediately following injection. The craniocaudal and lateral extent of dye distribution was measured (cm) and the number of vertebral bodies involved were counted (n = 20). Abdominal and thoracic cavities as well as the epidural space were also examined for presence of dye (yes/no) (n = 20). Further dissection was performed to evaluate if staining of the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves and sympathetic chain occurred (n = 14). RESULTS: The thoracolumbar fascia was stained in 17/20 (85%) injections and three injections terminated intramuscularly. Multisegmental staining of the dorsal was observed in the 14 injections in which staining was evaluated. Ventral rami staining was observed in 3/14 injections where staining was evaluated. Epidural migration was observed in 4/20 (20%) injections. No evidence of dye was found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities or on the sympathetic chain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ESP block may prove beneficial to desensitize structures innervated by the dorsal rami of the thoracic spinal nerves. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate complications caused by epidural contamination.
OBJECTIVES: To describe dye distribution and spinal nerve involvement after a simulated erector spinae plane (ESP) block performed on fresh equine cadavers. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental cadaver study. ANIMALS: A group of 11 adult equine cadavers. METHODS: The spinal region surrounding the sixteenth thoracic vertebra (Th16) of one cadaver was removed and underwent magnetic resonance imaging. In 10 adult equine cadavers [body weight, 549 ± 58 kg (mean ± standard deviation)], 0.2 mL kg-1 of a 50:1 2% lidocaine/dye solution was injected bilaterally (n = 20 injections) into the fascial plane between the transverse process of Th16 and the erector spinae muscles. An in-plane ultrasound-guided technique with a convex transducer was used to guide injection. Dissection was performed immediately following injection. The craniocaudal and lateral extent of dye distribution was measured (cm) and the number of vertebral bodies involved were counted (n = 20). Abdominal and thoracic cavities as well as the epidural space were also examined for presence of dye (yes/no) (n = 20). Further dissection was performed to evaluate if staining of the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves and sympathetic chain occurred (n = 14). RESULTS: The thoracolumbar fascia was stained in 17/20 (85%) injections and three injections terminated intramuscularly. Multisegmental staining of the dorsal was observed in the 14 injections in which staining was evaluated. Ventral rami staining was observed in 3/14 injections where staining was evaluated. Epidural migration was observed in 4/20 (20%) injections. No evidence of dye was found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities or on the sympathetic chain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ESP block may prove beneficial to desensitize structures innervated by the dorsal rami of the thoracic spinal nerves. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate complications caused by epidural contamination.