BACKGROUND: Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is one of the most serious and rare postoperative complications, especially the bronchial stump fistula after lobectomy/pneumonectomy. Common treatment options include conservative medical treatment combined with surgery. However, due to the delayed healing of the fistula, the chest cavity continues to communicate with the outside world, and the patient is prone to complicated with severe thoracic infection and respiratory failure, so that the physical condition can hardly tolerate the second surgical procedure. Endoscopic treatment provides a new option for the treatment of this complication. METHODS: A case of right pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma was admitted to the Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital in June 2016. The diagnosis and treatment was retrospectively analyzed, and the literature was reviewed. RESULTS: A 65 year old male patient was admitted to hospital because of "cough with blood in sputum for 3 months". Chest computed tomography (CT) showed soft tissue density mass shadow in the right lower lobe. A tumor could be seen in the opening of the right middle lobe and basal segment of lower lobe. Biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma. Diagnosis consideration: squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower lobe of the right lung (cT2aN2, IIIa). Patients received gemcitabine plus cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 2 cycles, and the effect of chemotherapy showed stable disease (SD). Four weeks after chemotherapy, the patient underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) assisted right middle and lower lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. On the 5th day after operation, the patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and was transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) again after endotracheal intubation. On the 7th day after operation, the patient developed a right intermediate trunk bronchial stump fistula, but due to ARDS, the patient's physical condition could not tolerate the second operation. Under the support of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a membrane covered, expandable, hinged stent was inserted into the intermediate trunk bronchial stump through rigid bronchoscope, and was successfully blocked. Due to no improvement in ARDS and irreversible pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, the patient received double lung transplantation successfully after systemic anti-infection treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic implantation of covered stent is a simple, safe and effective method for closure of bronchial stump fistula. When the patient's clinical situation is not suitable for immediate surgery, endoscopic stent implantation can be used as a preferred treatment method to create opportunities for follow-up treatment.
BACKGROUND:Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is one of the most serious and rare postoperative complications, especially the bronchial stump fistula after lobectomy/pneumonectomy. Common treatment options include conservative medical treatment combined with surgery. However, due to the delayed healing of the fistula, the chest cavity continues to communicate with the outside world, and the patient is prone to complicated with severe thoracic infection and respiratory failure, so that the physical condition can hardly tolerate the second surgical procedure. Endoscopic treatment provides a new option for the treatment of this complication. METHODS: A case of right pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma was admitted to the Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital in June 2016. The diagnosis and treatment was retrospectively analyzed, and the literature was reviewed. RESULTS: A 65 year old male patient was admitted to hospital because of "cough with blood in sputum for 3 months". Chest computed tomography (CT) showed soft tissue density mass shadow in the right lower lobe. A tumor could be seen in the opening of the right middle lobe and basal segment of lower lobe. Biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma. Diagnosis consideration: squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower lobe of the right lung (cT2aN2, IIIa). Patients received gemcitabine plus cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 2 cycles, and the effect of chemotherapy showed stable disease (SD). Four weeks after chemotherapy, the patient underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) assisted right middle and lower lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. On the 5th day after operation, the patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and was transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) again after endotracheal intubation. On the 7th day after operation, the patient developed a right intermediate trunk bronchial stump fistula, but due to ARDS, the patient's physical condition could not tolerate the second operation. Under the support of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a membrane covered, expandable, hinged stent was inserted into the intermediate trunk bronchial stump through rigid bronchoscope, and was successfully blocked. Due to no improvement in ARDS and irreversible pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, the patient received double lung transplantation successfully after systemic anti-infection treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic implantation of covered stent is a simple, safe and effective method for closure of bronchial stump fistula. When the patient's clinical situation is not suitable for immediate surgery, endoscopic stent implantation can be used as a preferred treatment method to create opportunities for follow-up treatment.
Entities:
Keywords:
Bronchial stump fistula; Covered stent; Right middle and lower lobectomy
The images were scanned before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A: PET-CT scan image before neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed tumor size of 3.4 cm×3.4 cm and SUVmax value of 9.1; B: CT scan image after neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed tumor size of 3.2 cm×3.1 cm and stable disease. PET: positron emission tomography; CT: computed tomography; SUVmax: maximal standard uptake value.
新辅助化疗前后影像学扫描图像。A:新辅助化疗前PET-CT扫描图像,肿物大小3.4 cm×3.4 cm,SUVmax值9.1; B:新辅助化疗后CT扫描图像,肿物大小3.2 cm×3.1 cm,评效疾病稳定。The images were scanned before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A: PET-CT scan image before neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed tumor size of 3.4 cm×3.4 cm and SUVmax value of 9.1; B: CT scan image after neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed tumor size of 3.2 cm×3.1 cm and stable disease. PET: positron emission tomography; CT: computed tomography; SUVmax: maximal standard uptake value.患者于门诊完善心电图、血常规、肝肾功能、凝血等未见明显异常,遂建议患者行术前新辅助化疗,具体方案为吉西他滨(1, 250 mg/m2 d1+d8)+顺铂(75 mg d1、d2)。患者于2016年4月12日开始行2周期新辅助化疗,过程较顺利,化疗期间曾出现轻度恶心呕吐,给予对症治疗,未出现脱发、骨髓抑制等不良反应。化疗2个周期后复查胸部CT,肿物大小3.2 cm×3.1 cm,评效为疾病稳定(stable disease, SD)(图 1B)。进一步完善肺功能、心脏超声、颈部及下肢血管超声、24 h动态心电图等检查,提示心肺功能大致正常,未见明确手术禁忌。患者末次化疗结束4周之后再次办理入院,完善术前准备,于2016年6月27日在全麻下行胸腔镜辅助右肺中下叶切除术、纵隔淋巴结清扫术、预防性胸导管结扎术。术中离断血管及支气管所使用的器械均为美国美敦力公司生产的腔镜下吻合器(Endo-GIATM Reloads with Tri-StapleTM Technology)。手术结束之后仔细检查创面未见明显出血,冲洗胸腔,嘱麻醉师双肺通气之后,未见明显漏气,放置24 F引流管行胸腔闭式引流术。手术共耗时3.5 h,术中出血约100 mL。术后第1日,患者生命体征平稳,胸腔引流880 mL,暗红色血性液。给予苏灵2 U止血治疗,同时静脉补充白蛋白减少渗出,常规给予镇痛、抑酸、预防性抗炎、化痰等药物治疗。术后第2日,引流750 mL,第3日引流450 mL,淡红色血性液,咳嗽时胸瓶未见气泡溢出。术后第3日下午,患者进食鸡汤后,胸腔引流液变为橘红色稍浑浊液体,考虑乳糜漏,嘱严格进食素食。术后第5日,全天胸腔引流量75 mL,形状恢复为淡红色血性液。术后第5日上午10时左右,患者诉呼吸困难、咳痰无力,视诊患者神志清楚,精神稍差,伴气促。心电监护显示心率102次/分,鼻导管吸氧情况下,脉搏血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation, SpO2)88%-90%。听诊双肺呼吸音粗,可闻及湿罗音及哮鸣音。立即给予床旁气管镜吸痰治疗,主气管及左右主支气管开口内可见中等量稀薄样痰液,吸痰后听诊双肺呼吸音稍好转,SpO2为85%-90%。急查床旁胸片,可见双肺纹理明显增粗。急查血气分析,动脉血氧分压(arterial oxygen partial pressure, PaO2)为53.4 mmHg,动脉血二氧化碳分压(arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaCO2)为40.9 mmHg,诊断为Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭。急诊行肺动脉CT血管造影技术检查,未见肺动脉血栓形成,双肺呈现出弥漫性水肿、渗出表现,诊断考虑为:急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)。患者血氧饱和度进行性下降,心率加快120次/分,紧急呼叫麻醉科气管插管后,将患者转入重症加强护理病房(intensive care unit, ICU),接呼吸机辅助通气,同时给予镇静、降压、平喘、化痰、抑酸、预防性抗凝等药物支持治疗。请呼吸科会诊,诊断考虑为急性肺损伤,建议激素冲击治疗(注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠120 mg/d,3 d),并联合应用亚胺培南西司他丁纳+万古霉素抗感染,同时每日行支气管镜下吸痰清除气道分泌物。监测胸片提示患者病情趋于稳定。术后第7日下午15:00左右,患者出现血氧饱和度下降,胸腔引流瓶中可见大量连续气泡溢出,右侧胸壁皮下气肿,听诊发现右肺呼吸音完全消失,急查床旁胸片:右侧气胸,右肺完全性不张。床旁支气管镜可见右侧中间干支气管残端完全开放状态,考虑合并支气管胸膜瘘——右侧中间干支气管残端瘘,瘘口直径约15 mm。遂行气管切开术,将气管插管插入左主支气管行单肺通气,以保证有效气体交换,并上调呼吸机参数,SpO2维持在92%-95%。因患者合并ARDS及肺部感染,身体情况无法耐受二次手术,建议患者家属考虑行内镜下支架封堵治疗,需定制一枚覆膜、可膨胀金属铰链支架(图 2A)。
Occlusion with bronchial stent under bronchoscopy. A: A personalized membrane covered, expandable, hinged, metal stent; B: rigid bronchoscope; C: high frequency jet respirometer; D: The stent was successfully placed at the site of the bronchial fistula.
经支气管镜下支架置入封堵术。A:定制的覆膜、可膨胀的金属铰链支架; B:硬质支气管镜; C:高频喷射呼吸机; D:支架成功置入支气管瘘口所在位置。Occlusion with bronchial stent under bronchoscopy. A: A personalized membrane covered, expandable, hinged, metal stent; B: rigid bronchoscope; C: high frequency jet respirometer; D: The stent was successfully placed at the site of the bronchial fistula.术后第10天,拟在全麻下行“经支气管镜右侧中间干支气管残端瘘口支架置入术”。术中经气管切开处拔出气管插管更换硬质支气管镜(图 2B),拟在高频喷射呼吸机(图 2C)支持下行内镜下操作时,患者血氧进行性下降,出现心跳骤停,立即行胸外按压,3 min之后患者恢复自主心律。考虑患者无法耐受操作,向家属交代病情后,同意术中放置体外膜肺(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)后,再次尝试行支架置入术。遂经股静脉及颈静脉置管,行VV模式ECMO置入术,接长效膜式氧合器之后,SpO2升至100%。再次尝试行硬质支气管镜下支架置入术,操作过程顺利,支架顺利放置在右侧中间干支气管残端(图 2D),后患者安返ICU病房。支架术后第2天,患者ECMO支持+呼吸机辅助通气状态,吸入气中的氧浓度分数(fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO2)为60%,PaO2为82 mmHg,动脉血二氧化碳分压PaCO2为39 mmHg,SpO2为98%。胸腔引流瓶中气泡明显减少,复查床旁胸片提示:支架位置良好(图 3B),右肺逐渐复张(图 3C),考虑支架封堵治疗有效。减停镇静药之后,评估患者意识,患者有睁眼、点头动作,呼之可应。因患者合并严重肺部感染、脓胸,患者出现间断高热,降钙素原进行性升高(最高达19.93 ng/mL),继续调整抗感染治疗药物,并联合丙种球蛋白治疗之后,体温、血象、降钙素原逐渐将至正常。支架术后25 d,因患者ARDS、双肺间质纤维化未见明显好转迹象,患者家属自行联系转院,后行双肺移植手术治疗。
Chest X-ray before and after stent implantation. A: Right lung atelectasis after the bronchial stump fistula occurred; B: Location of the stent on chest X-ray on the first day after stent implantation; C: The right lung gradually re-expanded after the stent blocked the stump fistula.
支架置入前后患者胸片情况。A:支气管残端瘘发生之后,右全肺不张; B:支架置入术后第1天,胸片上支架所在位置; C:支架封堵残端瘘口之后,右肺逐渐复张。Chest X-ray before and after stent implantation. A: Right lung atelectasis after the bronchial stump fistula occurred; B: Location of the stent on chest X-ray on the first day after stent implantation; C: The right lung gradually re-expanded after the stent blocked the stump fistula.
Authors: Renato G Martins; Thomas A D'Amico; Billy W Loo; Mary Pinder-Schenck; Hossein Borghaei; Jamie E Chaft; Apar Kishor P Ganti; Feng-Ming Spring Kong; Mark G Kris; Inga T Lennes; Douglas E Wood Journal: J Natl Compr Canc Netw Date: 2012-05 Impact factor: 11.908