Integrating Home-Based Exercise Training with a Hospital at Home Service for Patients Hospitalised with Acute Exacerbations of COPD: Developing the Model Using Accelerated Experience-Based Co-Design.

BACKGROUND: Hospital at home (HaH) schemes allow early discharge of patients hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Traditional outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) following an AECOPD has an established evidence-base, but there are issues with low referral, uptake and completion. One commonly cited barrier to PR post-hospitalisation relates to poor accessibility. To address this, the aim of this project was to enrol service users (patients with COPD and informal carers) and healthcare professionals to co-design a model of care that integrates home-based exercise training within a HaH scheme for patients discharged from hospital following AECOPD.
METHODS: This accelerated experience-based co-design project included three audio-recorded stakeholder feedback events, using key "touchpoints" from previous qualitative interviews and a recent systematic review. Audio-recordings were inductively analysed using directed content analysis. An integrated model of care was then developed and finalised through two co-design groups, with the decision-making process facilitated by the tables of changes approach.
RESULTS: Seven patients with COPD, two informal carers and nine healthcare professionals (from an existing outpatient PR service and HaH scheme) participated in the stakeholder feedback events. Four key themes were identified: 1) individualisation, 2) progression and transition, 3) continuity between services, and 4) communication between stakeholders. Two patients with COPD, one informal carer and three healthcare professionals participated in the first joint co-design group, with five healthcare professionals attending a second co-design group. These achieved a consensus on the integrated model of care. The agreed model comprised face-to-face supervised, individually tailored home-based exercise training one to three times a week, delivered during HaH scheme visits where possible by a healthcare professional competent to provide both home-based exercise training and usual HaH care.
CONCLUSION: An integrated model of care has been co-designed by patients with COPD, informal carers and healthcare professionals to address low uptake and completion of PR following AECOPD. The co-designed model of care has now been integrated within a well-established HaH scheme.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide,1 with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) contributing to one in eight emergency hospital admissions and over a million bed days per year in the United Kingdom (UK) alone.2 Hospital at Home (HaH) schemes allow early discharge of patients hospitalised with an AECOPD to reduce the burden on health services without increasing the risk of readmission or mortality.3–5 Over 80% of acute trusts in the UK have adopted a HaH model of care for hospitalised AECOPD6 and usually comprise home-based management, typically under respiratory nurse supervision as an alternative to inpatient care. The treatment commonly offered includes provision of antibiotics, steroids, nebulisers and oxygen, supported by regular home visits to monitor treatment response.7

There are other significant and deleterious consequences of acute exacerbations which are not addressed by HaH schemes. Patients report decreased ability to complete activities of daily living,8,9 reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and worse psychological status,10,11 with significantly decreased walking time and exercise capacity.12,13 Following acute exacerbations, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR: a multi-disciplinary exercise and education programme traditionally delivered in an outpatient setting) has strong evidence to support improvements in exercise capacity and HRQoL and reduced readmission and mortality rates.14,15 As such, there is a clear mandate from clinical practice guidelines to routinely offer PR following an AECOPD.16,17 However, referral for, uptake and subsequent completion of PR following an acute exacerbation is low18,19 despite its availability becoming increasingly widespread.20 An audit of a UK service showed only 30% of eligible patients were referred for PR at hospital discharge, with less than 10% completing the programme.18

Recent systematic reviews did not identify any interventions from completed trials which increased referral for, uptake or subsequent completion of post-hospitalisation PR.21,22 In addition, a contemporary randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of a co-designed education video intervention shown to patients admitted to hospital with an AECOPD prior to discharge was also unable to improve post-hospitalisation PR referral, uptake or completion.23 As such, improving accessibility, one commonly cited barrier to low uptake of PR following an acute exacerbation,24–26 is proposed. Delivery of PR in the home setting is one potentially attractive alternative to delivery in the traditional outpatient setting given the surprising failure of other strategies to address accessibility such as provision of free door-to-door transport.27 The potential of the delivery of PR in the home setting post-hospitalisation is corroborated by recent trials of home-based PR in patients with stable COPD28–30 and in a small pilot study with patients hospitalised with an AECOPD.31

This accelerated experience-based co-design (EBCD) project aimed to develop a model of care which integrates home-based exercise training within a pre-existing, well-established HaH scheme for patients hospitalised with an AECOPD ready for testing within a future mixed methods feasibility trial.

Methods

Design

The accelerated EBCD project involved three stakeholder feedback events followed by two co-design groups32 (Figure 1). Using a co-design method to facilitate the development of this new model of care allowed for collective ownership and greater understanding of experiences from stakeholders (service users and providers), and ensured consensus was obtained from all stakeholders regarding strategies to effectively trial the model of care.33 This approach was considered vital as qualitative work has shown stakeholder acceptability and fulfilling the needs of the end-user to be key requirements for successful model of care development.34

Figure 1

Schematic of the stages of this accelerated experience-based co-design project.

The PR service leads and HaH scheme managers were engaged with this project from the outset and endorsed this co-design process as a strategy to develop a model of care which would integrate home-based exercise training within the HaH scheme.

Ethical approval was not required as this EBCD project was considered a service improvement project by the Health Research Authority and The Point of Care Foundation.32 Nonetheless, it was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical practice guidelines, with written informed consent obtained from all service users and healthcare professionals involved.

Topic Guides

The separate healthcare professional and service user stakeholder feedback events were facilitated by REB, LJB and MF using topic guides developed based on key “touchpoints” informed by the findings from a recent systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42018104648).35 Home-based exercise training appeared to be feasible and acceptable to patients hospitalised with an AECOPD and clinicians providing healthcare to this population from this systematic review. However, no family carer perspectives were available. Patients valued the individualised, accessible, and flexible nature of home-based exercise training, and models using interval training, regardless of equipment, had enhanced compliance. Evidence of clinical effectiveness of home-based exercise training regarding physical function, HRQoL and health service utilisation was mixed, and conclusions limited by heterogenous measurement. Due to the limited data currently available, as shown by the systematic review, the conclusion drawn was that development of future home-based exercise training models of care would require collaboration with stakeholders to address uncertainties around optimal delivery strategies, need to explore the experiences and role of family carers and be piloted prior to testing in a full scale trial.

The topic guides were also informed by findings which arose from previous qualitative interviews conducted as part of a different project involving patients attending PR following an AECOPD. The findings from this previous qualitative work illustrated a lack of understanding and information provision before hospital discharge regarding PR, positive perceptions of home visits to provide support after discharge from hospital, the impact hospitalisation had on a decision to attend PR as well as the elements of outpatient PR they enjoyed and disliked (including regarding the education delivered within the programme) and home-based PR as an alternative delivery option.

The topic guide for the joint service user-healthcare professional stakeholder feedback event was developed inductively, informed by responses at the previous two separate stakeholder feedback events and observational field notes.

The co-design groups were facilitated by REB using group-specific agendas to address areas of uncertainty following the stakeholder feedback events in order to finalise the integrated model of care.

Setting and Structure for Project Stages

Stage 1 – Stakeholder Feedback

The healthcare professional stakeholder feedback event was held at Harefield Hospital: a tertiary hospital in north west London, which hosts the PR programme. The service user and joint service user-healthcare professional stakeholder feedback events were held in a community centre local to Harefield Hospital for the convenience of service users and to take the data collection out of a healthcare setting. These stakeholder feedback events were audio-recorded and scheduled on afternoons for four hours, with catering and refreshments provided at each. The events began with introductions and were structured with 15–30 minute whole or small group discussions. Regular breaks were taken between these discussions and prior to a “round-up” at the end. Transport provision was offered to all service users, and mileage was paid to healthcare professionals.

Stage 2 – Co-Design Groups

After the stakeholder feedback events were completed, the co-design groups took place across two sites in north west London (Harefield Hospital and Hillingdon Hospital: the local district general hospital which hosts the HaH scheme). These two-hour co-design groups were scheduled on afternoons, with catering and refreshments provided. Transport provision was offered to all service users, and mileage was paid to healthcare professionals.

Participants

Healthcare professionals from the Harefield PR service and HaH scheme (Hillingdon Integrated Respiratory Service) were invited via their line managers to attend the stakeholder feedback events and co-design groups. Healthcare professionals were purposively sampled to ensure all members of the multidisciplinary team were included: clinical nurse specialists, respiratory consultants, qualified physiotherapists and physiotherapy assistants. The healthcare professionals interested were provided with an invitation pack from their line managers. Service users were also purposively sampled to include patients with COPD who had recently been treated or experienced the delivery of the HaH scheme or outpatient PR programme, and their relatives (who could also self-identify as informal carers). They were invited by the healthcare professionals delivering their usual clinical care who provided an invitation pack. The invitation packs included a stakeholder-specific information sheet and consent form to ensure those invited had access to all necessary project documents, including ways (email, post and telephone) to contact the project team if they were interested. The project documents provided were subsequently discussed with a researcher (REB) via the telephone prior to attendance at an event or group where the consent form was signed once all question were answered. To gain fresh perspectives, additional service users and healthcare professionals were invited via the same sources to attend the joint stakeholder feedback event and subsequent joint co-design groups.

Data Analysis

Audio-recordings of the semi-structured discussions within the stakeholder feedback events were anonymised and transcribed by REB, then analysed alongside observational logs/field notes and source documents by the researcher (REB), supported by a co-analyst (MF), using inductive directed content analysis.36 The separate healthcare professional and service user stakeholder feedback events were analysed prior to the joint service user-healthcare professional event and used to inform the topics of the structured discussions. Minutes were produced summarising the discussion in the co-design groups and subsequently approved for accuracy by attendees. These minutes were used as a record of the experiences and perspectives of the stakeholders who attended the groups. The Table of Changes approach was used throughout the data analysis process to facilitate decision-making, provide an auditable decision-trail and finalise the model of care.37

Results

The separate healthcare professional and service user stakeholder feedback events were conducted in September 2018. The joint service user-healthcare professional stakeholder feedback event was conducted in October 2018. Seven patients with COPD, two informal carers and nine healthcare professionals (from an existing outpatient PR service and HaH scheme) participated in these stakeholder feedback events. Two co-design groups were conducted in February 2019. Two patients with COPD, one informal carer and three healthcare professionals participated in the first joint co-design group, with five healthcare professionals attending a second co-design group. Table 1 provides and overview of attendees at the stakeholder feedback events and co-design groups. Of interest, although perhaps unsurprisingly, all the relatives involved also classified themselves as an “informal carer” of the patient with COPD who they attended the event with on the demographic sheet. The findings of the events and groups are presented below as a narrative summary with supporting indicative anonymised quotes.

Table 1

Accelerated Experience-Based Co-Design Project Attendees at Each Stakeholder Feedback Event and Co-Design Group

Stakeholder Feedback Events
Healthcare professional event
Pulmonary rehabilitation team members n=5	Qualified physiotherapists (n=4; female: n=4)Physiotherapy assistant (n=1; female: n=1)
Hospital at home service members n=2	Specialist nurse (n=1; female: n=1)Specialist physiotherapist (n=1; male: n=1)
Service user event
Patients with COPD n=5	Previously underwent pulmonary rehabilitation and received hospital at home care (n=2; male: n=1; female: n=1)Previously underwent pulmonary rehabilitation only (n=3: male: n=1; female: n=2)
Relatives or carer of person with COPD n=2	Observed pulmonary rehabilitation (n=1; female: n=1)Observed hospital at home care (n=1; female: n=1)
Joint service user-healthcare professional event
Patients with COPD n=6	Previously underwent pulmonary rehabilitation and received hospital at home care (n=3; male: n=2; female: n=1)Previously underwent pulmonary rehabilitation only (n=3; male: n=1; female: n=2)Did not attend did not attend separate service user feedback event: 2/6
Pulmonary rehabilitation team members n=3	Qualified physiotherapists (n=2; female: n=2)Physiotherapy assistant (n=1; male: n=1)Did not attend separate healthcare professional feedback event: physiotherapy assistant
Hospital at home service members n=2	Consultant respiratory physician (n=1; female: n=1)Specialist physiotherapist (n=1; male: n=1)Did not attend separate healthcare professional feedback event: consultant respiratory physician
Co-design groups
Service user and healthcare professional co-design group
Patients with COPD n=2	Previously underwent pulmonary rehabilitation and received hospital at home care (n=2; female: n=2)Did not attend the stakeholder feedback events:2/2
Relative or carer of person with COPD n=1	Observed pulmonary rehabilitation and hospital at home care (n=1; female: n=1)Did not attend stakeholder feedback events: 1/1
Pulmonary rehabilitation team members n=1	Qualified physiotherapist (n=1; male: n=1)Did not attend stakeholder feedback events: 0/1
Hospital at home service members n=2	Specialist nurses (n=2: female: n=2)Did not attend the stakeholder feedback events: 2/2
Healthcare professional co-design group
Pulmonary rehabilitation team members n=5	Qualified physiotherapists (n=4: female: n=4)Physiotherapy assistant (n=1; male: n=1)Did not attend stakeholder feedback events:2/4 qualified physiotherapists

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EBCD, experience-based co-design.

Four themes were identified from the three stakeholder feedback events: (1) individualisation of the home-based exercise training, (2) progression and transitions during home-based exercise training and outpatient-based programme, (3) continuity between services and (4) communication between stakeholders. Table 2 provides a summary of the themes which were identified. Discussion at the first co-design group with service users and healthcare professionals focussed on integration and related to the themes of progression and transitions during home-based exercise training and outpatient-based programme, continuity between services, and communication between stakeholders. Intentionally, discussion at the second co-design group with healthcare professionals was more focussed on home-based exercise-training delivery and related to the themes of individualisation of the home-based exercise training, and progression and transition during home-based exercise training and outpatient-based programme.

Table 2

Summary of the Findings: Four Key Themes and Their Related Sub-Themes

Theme	Sub-Themes
1. Individualisation of the home-based exercise training	–
2. Progression and transitions during home-based exercise training and outpatient-based programme	–
3. Continuity between services	Content delivered Timing of delivery Skill set of the healthcare professionals Types of assessments required
4. Communication between stakeholders	Communication between healthcare professionals Communication between healthcare professionals and service user

Individualisation of the Home-Based Exercise Training

All participants (patients, informal carers and health care professionals) felt home-based exercise training should include individually prescribed education and exercise, tailored to achieve patient-specific goals:

I think that [the types of exercises] need to be tailored to the individual, if we are talking about engagement, different goals for different patients, different anxieties and symptoms [SM08, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

I think a bespoke programme, cos you’re all going to be at different levels [SU05, patient living with COPD, previous experience of PR]

All participants also felt the home-based exercise training should include face-to-face supervision. The rationale for this supervision, which centred on adherence, was clearly stated by healthcare professionals, patients and carers:

I think a lot of people would openly say when you do offer the home programme is that they won’t do it without anyone being there, so obviously [supervised] one to one, erm, yes, I think would definitely help [SM01, physiotherapist, PR service and HaH scheme team member]

If he [healthcare professional] says 10 minutes, you do 10 minutes [SU08, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR and HaH]

I also think that they haven’t got enough self-discipline to actually do it [SU03, informal carer to SU05, previously observed PR]

It was also noted that the frequency of the supervised sessions should be similarly individually tailored:

Well at the beginning you probably want shorter but more often, and then get more individual [SM05, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

A minimum and maximum of one and three supervised sessions per week was suggested:

So it is [BTS guidelines] 2 supervised and one unsupervised, …, but then obviously if we think healthy living advice is 30 minutes 5 times a week, so do we go out for 30 minutes 3 times a week [SM01, physiotherapist, PR service and HaH scheme team member]

This was to allow for individual patients to determine their own levels of motivation and confidence to complete unsupervised exercise at home, in between supervised sessions. Some patients felt more confident and motivated to exercise at home unsupervised and as a result felt that a once weekly supervised session to deliver education and to support exercise progression was all that was required:

I’ve got a garden back and front to keep up, which means quite a bit to me, so I do quite a lot of exercise, I am a member to a gym, …, I think I keep myself in good shape [SU06, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR]

However, other patients felt either less confident or reported they might lack motivation to exercise regularly unsupervised at home and so felt they would prefer more frequent supervised sessions for their home-based exercise training:

When you live on your own it’s very difficult, you don’t have another person to push you, telling you to do it, …, it’s hard [SU07, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR]

The need for individualised programmes, to meet patients’ individual needs, was therefore clear.

Including a minimum and maximum contact number in the individually tailored frequency also allowed healthcare professionals to feel reassured that at least some face-to-face supervision was provided to ensure patient safety and effective exercise progression, without resulting in an unfeasible frequency (eg, five days a week supervised exercise training) of supervised sessions being requested:

If you had it five days a week, I’d want to go [SU08, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR and HaH]

Informal carers felt their role was to support the needs of the patient with COPD who had been hospitalised and having access to the patients’ session would enable this:

If someone’s not on their own, like we’re not, could I go to those [education sessions] so I know what they’re talking about? … Because you hear things, but they can hear other things [SU01, informal carer to SU02, previously observed both PR and HaH]

They also considered that it should be a collaborative process between themselves, healthcare professionals and the patient with COPD to identify the goals of the patient with COPD, which could then determine the individually tailored education programme content and frequency of exercise sessions.

Progression and Transition During Home-Based Exercise Training and Outpatient-Based Programme

A key finding was that some of the patients with COPD remained keen to attend traditional outpatient PR when they felt well enough post-exacerbation. The reason for this was that they liked the social content and contact of an outpatient programme, and the access it gave them to specialist gym equipment with one patient saying:

Prefer to go to the gym [outpatient PR] myself, … and see how you progress over the eight weeks, I don’t think I would get that progress at home, with a one to one even [SU06, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR]

I think it is a bit of both [doing rehab with others as well motivation from therapist], because you’ve got the other people literally in the same boat as you, and you can see people that have literally worked up the ladder from square one [SU08, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR and HaH]

However, this was disparate from other patients who felt entirely home-based exercise training was more suited to them given the difficulties they had previously leaving their house after being hospitalised with an acute exacerbation and that they would not attend traditional outpatient PR even if it was offered. This further supports the idea that programmes should be individually tailored to meet patients’ needs.

Contrasting views were also found between healthcare professionals. Some healthcare professionals felt there would be some patients with COPD who would prefer entirely home-based exercise training:

There is that whole cohort that you [outreach] probably more touch base with at Hillingdon that you can’t convince to come [to PR] [SM08, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

Nonetheless, the viewpoint of co-offering outpatient PR was also held by some of the healthcare professionals, with one healthcare professional stating:

For those that can get here but don’t want to, you can use it [home-based PR] as a way to gradually convincing them, and erm obviously show exercise is beneficial and enjoyable, and those ones might go on to do it [outpatient PR] [SM01, physiotherapist, PR service and HaH scheme team member]

This was because some healthcare professionals perceived traditional outpatient PR to be the gold standard of care post-exacerbation. As such, they felt not offering traditional outpatient PR to those allocated to receive a home-based exercise training whilst the home-based exercise training was being tested as part of a trial and not part of clinical practice guidelines could result in patients missing out on a cornerstone of the management of COPD. As a result, offering traditional outpatient PR to all patients was included as a requirement in the model of care developed. Therefore, a referral pathway and strategies to allow seamless transition between home-based and outpatient PR were co-designed (see Figure 2 for the final co-designed model of care).

Figure 2

Schematic of the final co-designed model of care. *Research Physiotherapist to ask participant re: preference for outpatient PR location, and when referral to outpatient PR may be acceptable to participant; Research Physiotherapist to identify availability for the preferred class at proposed start date. +Deliver education topics alongside home-based exercise training using PR education pack/presentations and HIRS self-management plan; begin education with pacing, breathing control, positions of ease, anxiety management, self-management plan, smoking cessation, inhaler technique and airway clearance. ^Research Physiotherapist to refer participant into outpatient PR if/when the participate consents to the referral; the same referral and triaging process to be followed when refereeing participants into an outpatient PR programme as usual care; continue the home-based exercise training programme until the outpatient PR class begins. ~Research Physiotherapist to provide copy of home-based exercise training programme to outpatient PR; PR Physiotherapist to complete short pre-PR assessment; PR Physiotherapist to complete a short post-PR assessment at the end of the after 8 weeks of outpatient PR programme.

Continuity Between Services

Sub-themes for continuity between services included content delivered, timing of delivery, skill set of the healthcare professionals and types of assessments required. With regards to the content delivered, all participants felt it was important for the different healthcare professionals (for example a nurse and a physiotherapist) and services involved in the delivery of the co-designed model of care (for example within HaH, home-based exercise training and outpatient PR) to provide consistent information and education:

[post-exacerbation PR] reinforcing messages and education provided in the hospital [SM08, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

And that knowledge checking as well, you know, …, if the outreach team are doing at the beginning, you know, 6 weeks later, then you can check and see whether it has been retained [SM03, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

In order to deliver this desired consistency, a series of resources which would be used by all the services was agreed upon during this co-design project (for example a HaH scheme leaflet on self-management and PR service presentation slides).

In terms of timing of delivery, there were multiple views on when the home-based exercise training should commence. Most patients and informal carers felt a period of readjustment of up to two weeks was needed after returning home from hospital before exercise training could commence. This same perspective was held by some of the healthcare professionals from the HaH scheme based on their experience – they felt that commencing exercise training too early could be detrimental to longer-term patient adherence:

I don’t think starting it too early would be beneficial, often they’re fighting for breath still, and, and I think they would decline it cos they are feeling like that, … so I think it needs to be timed right when we are offering this at home rather than straight away [SM07, nurse, HaH scheme team member]

Nonetheless, the more widely held view of healthcare professionals was that beginning exercise training as soon as possible (as soon as the day after discharge) was key from their experience:

For patients whose breathlessness is very severe and limiting what they feel able to do, erm, it might be an option for something to start with to try and get those muscles working to erm, reduce the deficits that develop in that initial acute post-exacerbation period [SM05, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

Some patients also supported this, as this was the period when they were most limited by breathlessness to complete their daily activities. As such, beginning exercise training during the peri-exacerbation phase of their recovery was vital to some patients so that they could be guided by healthcare professionals on how hard to push themselves:

That’s why I went down so low, cos I wasn’t doing anything, well not a lot, you know, I did try, I mean, I wasn’t really, I was just kind of walking around, and I have to go upstairs the loo, I have to go upstairs to bed, that was basically my exercise, just being honest, …, I think this is, would be, excellent for that initial period to get you started again [SU05, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR]

This again reinforces the idea that programmes should be individually tailored to meet patients’ needs. A solution was to compromise and agree the most acceptable time point to begin delivering exercise training within the programme. To enable this the initial session post-discharge would be focussed around goal setting, with the early sessions including more time devoted to deliver education. The proportion of time spent exercising would then gradually be built up based upon individual need whilst reducing the proportion of time delivering education over the first few weeks post-discharge to allow for a period of readjustment.

There was greater agreement on who should deliver the home-based exercise training. All participants felt those who delivered it should be competent to undertake a comprehensive respiratory assessment which would usually be completed as part of the HaH scheme visits as well as prescribe exercise:

One person, both skills, also whether they are physio or nurse doesn’t matter [SM06, physiotherapy assistant, PR service team member]

This was considered imperative as patients and informal carers preferred the prospect that one person, regardless of professional background (physiotherapist or nurse), could deliver all elements of their management (exercise training at home and exacerbation management). To this end, both patients and carers felt comfortable as long as appropriate training had been provided:

Someone trained in that kind of rehabilitation, doesn’t necessarily have to be someone trained and been through university [SU05, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR]

We wouldn’t mind if someone came out with someone who had to learn [SU01, informal carer to SU02, previous experience of PR and HaH]

Healthcare professionals felt that only a limited number of team members across the two existing services (HaH scheme and outpatient PR) currently held this skill set and additional training was beyond the scope of the trial this model of care would be tested in:

Yes, it’s [training required] not going to happen in a week, it’s going to happen over several years, realistically I think, but ultimately, yes, long term [SM01, physiotherapist, PR service and HaH scheme team member]

It was therefore agreed that the delivery of home-based exercise training, whilst it was tested within a trial, would be restricted to delivery by those who already held this skill set as opposed to providing training to up-skill all healthcare professionals.

Finally, continuity in the assessments undertaken between outpatient PR assessments and those undertaken as part of home-based exercise training was highlighted to be important by all participants. It was acknowledged that this could be a challenge where there was transition of patients into outpatient PR within this co-designed model of care at time points which differed to when the trial assessments would be conducted. Nonetheless, patients and their informal carers felt being selective with the assessments undertaken to avoid duplication, and not being required to repeat assessments unnecessarily would be preferable. They also felt that this would make them more likely to consider taking part in the trial if their clinical care and research assessments were closely aligned. Healthcare professionals also highlighted that carefully considering the assessments undertaken within the trial itself to mirror the data collected in the clinical assessments wherever possible to be practicable. As such, the healthcare professionals felt streamlined assessments could also be beneficial:

And that’s the key thing, an assessment of some sort, as they would not be able to do all of the assessment that we do, but some of it [SM05, physiotherapist, PR service team member]

This could, in turn, relieve some of the burden on patients and their informal carers as the appointments would be shorter, and potentially less frequent in number.

Communication between stakeholders

Two sub-themes were identified within communication between stakeholders: communication between healthcare professionals and communication between healthcare professionals and service users. All participants felt that communication was an integral part of developing a model of care:

You don’t want to have to keep repeating yourself do you [SU07, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR service]

Suppose it would be nice [for the healthcare professionals to meet face to face], as you could have been in the hospital with one crowd, and it would be nice for the two of them to get together [SU08, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR service and HaH scheme]

Healthcare professionals felt a combination of formal face-to-face groups (weekly multidisciplinary team meeting) and daily handovers (either face-to-face, by telephone or email) was important for effective and regular communication between all the healthcare professionals involved. Face-to-face communication was preferred to telephone or email by healthcare professionals, however they felt this may not always achievable and therefore having alternative strategies as a backup was required:

If different people are going in, erm, obviously different people going in on different days, there needs to be communication at end, or during every single day … obviously it would be nice to have that face to face contact, erm, but realistically it is not going to happen [SM01, physiotherapist, PR service and HaH scheme team member]

Informal carers had no preferences regarding the channels of communication between healthcare professionals as long as two criteria could be met. First, the healthcare professionals were able to discuss the care of a patient proficiently to ensure safe care could be provided. Second, that personal information was not shared beyond those who should have access to it.

In terms of the communication between healthcare professionals and service users, all patients reported they would prefer to verbally communicate with healthcare professionals face-to-face where possible (for example during sessions), or via telephone between sessions:

I think most people prefer a human body in front of them [SU08, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR and HaH]

Patients reported they did not feel confident, or have access, to communicate via email or other online platforms such as a patient portal or app:

My kids do [have access to the internet or smart phone], but I don’t use that [SU08, patient with COPD, previous experience of PR and HaH]

Healthcare professionals from the HaH scheme felt it was important to discourage use of their direct telephone number for calls regarding home-based exercise training as the workload would potentially become too overwhelming for them to manage, and this was true across services (PR service and HaH scheme):

To be honest, it [hotline] is a job on its own … it can take up a large proportion of the day whilst trying to see other patients on the wards [SM01, physiotherapist, PR service and HaH scheme team member]

It is a nightmare, it is a nightmare, you can have 20 to 30 calls a day [SM07, nurse, HaH scheme team member]

They also felt it could be misleading for patients who would then not receive the support they anticipated for their home-based exercise queries between sessions. All patients and informal carers felt that provision of a separate telephone number was satisfactory as long as calls were returned in a timely manner should an issue arise.

Model of Care Developed

Following the three stakeholder feedback events and two co-design groups, delivery strategies for home-based exercise training were finalised and a pathway for integration within a HaH scheme developed based on the findings reported. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the final co-designed model of care which is currently being piloted within a single-centre mixed-method feasibility trial.

The home-based exercise training programme is intended to last up to eight weeks to replicate the local eight-week outpatient-based PR programme provided, with the focus upon similar outcomes to traditional outpatient-based PR (exercise capacity/health-related quality of life/dyspnoea).14,38 All eight weeks of the home-based exercise training programme would be delivered at home for patients who decline referral to traditional outpatient-based PR. The home-based exercise training programme would continue to be delivered until the patient has completed their pre-PR assessment and the outpatient-based PR programme begins for patients who are referred to the traditional outpatient-based PR programme. For the patients transitioning into traditional outpatient-based PR, the home-based exercise training programme will serve as a bridging programme.

The intention is to replicate the types of exercises offered in traditional outpatient-based PR programmes delivered in community settings which uses minimal, low cost and portable equipment. This “minimal equipment” strategy for delivering PR has recently been shown to be non-inferior to PR delivered using specialist equipment.39 Prescription of the exercises training provided within the home-based exercise training programme is intended to be completed using the same standard operating procedures as the traditional outpatient-based PR programme. The intensity of the home-based exercise training programme may initially differ whilst patients are early peri-exacerbation, however the exercises would be progressed, and the intensity increased, as symptom burden reduces.

Discussion

In this accelerated EBCD project, an integrated model of care, including home-based exercise training and HaH scheme, was co-designed by service users and healthcare professionals to address low uptake, referral and subsequent completion of PR following hospitalisation for an AECOPD.

Previous studies have shown barriers to post-hospitalisation PR to be complex and multifactorial. Commonly cited barriers to a traditional outpatient PR programme after an acute exacerbation include access to transport and travel,26,40,41 with a previous trial having shown a more fundamental adaptation to PR delivery was required beyond transport provision.27 As such, the primary intention of this project was to develop a co-designed model of care to allow the integration of home-based PR and a HaH scheme which could be seamlessly delivered together. Delivery in the home setting was also considered given the outcomes of recent trials of home-based PR in patients with stable COPD.28–30 However, the post-exacerbation population differs from those with stable COPD given their recent, acute worsening of symptoms. As such, it was felt that simply mimicking home-based programmes delivered to those with stable COPD may render them infeasible in the post-exacerbation population. We also felt that by looking for ways to embed home-based exercise training within an already established scheme (HaH) may result in the home-based programme being considered more feasible and acceptable post-hospitalisation to all stakeholders. This would allow for this intervention to be delivered at the point in the care post-hospitalisation pathway when it has the potential to achieve clinically meaningful outcomes.42

As this was an accelerated EBCD project, it ensured the key stakeholders (patients with COPD, informal carers and healthcare professionals) who participated were the drivers behind the model of care’s design.32 To do this we ascertained a wide range of stakeholder priorities34 but ensured a consensus was reached prior to investigation within a feasibility trial.

There was agreement that home-based exercise training should be individualised, supervised and be sufficiently flexible to enable it to be tailored to meet the need of each patient. These findings reflect the results from a recent mixed-methods systematic review which reported similar conclusions.35 This suggests the findings from this project could have resonance for other services considering a redesign or for the development of other interventions specifically for this patient population. Nonetheless, face-to-face supervised exercise training has temporarily become impracticable due to the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with alternative ways of delivering exercise training emerging due to the suspension of face-to-face supervised clinical encounters. As such, application of this finding may be limited until face-to-face supervised exercise training is permitted again.

There was a strongly held desire among some patients to attend traditional outpatient-based PR when they felt well enough. However, other patients felt home-based exercise training was more suited to them and, even if offered, they would not attend traditional outpatient-based PR. The idea of offering outpatient-based PR was also welcomed by some of the healthcare professionals. The underlying reasons for their beliefs were that traditional outpatient-based PR was the gold standard of care post-exacerbation, with an established evidence-base14 and is mandated by clinical practice guidelines.16,17 The healthcare professionals felt withholding this PR programme from those receiving home-based exercise training could result in patients missing out on a programme which is a cornerstone in the management of COPD. The importance of ensuring evidence-based care continues was highlighted in a recent study which found people who received post-hospitalisation PR within 3 months of discharge to have lower mortality at one year compared to those who did not receive the programme.15 Therefore, to address this, progression and transition during the home-based exercise training and outpatient-based programme was explored in detail during the stakeholder feedback events to ensure all patients would be provided the opportunity to attend traditional outpatient-based PR.

Views on the timing of initiation of exercise training post-hospitalisation varied between, as well as within, the different stakeholder groups. This was unsurprising given a recent systematic review found disparities as to when the optimal time to commence exercise training post-acute exacerbation was.35 Moreover, our work has previously shown that delivering an intervention at sub-optimal timing during an AECOPD to be an important factor that can result in an intervention being rendered ineffective.23 As such, in order to address these differences in perspectives of optimal timing for initiation, the decision was made to design a highly individualised model of care that could be sufficiently flexible and adaptable to be tailored to meet the needs of each patient.

In addition to timing of initiation, the skill set required by the healthcare professional delivering home-based exercise training was considered important. All the stakeholders involved felt those who delivered home-based exercise training to patients’ post-exacerbation should be competent to undertake a comprehensive respiratory assessment as well as prescribe exercise. This led to discussions regarding the training requirements of the current healthcare professionals employed within the HaH scheme and PR service. However, given that there were already healthcare professionals employed, albeit a limited number, who had the skill set to deliver the comprehensive co-designed model of care, for the purpose of this project it was decided that up-skilling other staff at the current time was unnecessary. Nonetheless, a training intervention which provides formal teaching and competency assessments surrounding exercise prescription and progression as well as respiratory assessment skills may be required in other localities. Moreover, as role of the referrer43 and referrer knowledge25 are other barrier to PR referral and participation, this type of formal training intervention could be beneficial and in itself have a knock-on effect and potentially address this other barrier to post-hospitalisation PR.

During this co-design process, along with developing an integrated model of care, additional learning was gained about what is important from key stakeholders’ perspectives regarding home-based exercise training and integration of care following an acute exacerbation of COPD. This additional learning could be more widely applied beyond this project should other services be considering implementing more closely integrated services, home-based exercise training programmes, or be attempting to enhance the delivery of traditional outpatient-based PR services for patients following hospitalisation for an AECOPD. As such, these insights could be particularly important given the paucity of effective interventions that address this area currently.23

This project had both strengths and weaknesses. The accelerated EBCD process, a quality improvement approach that enables stakeholders to co-design services in partnership,32 used to develop the model of care was informed by the findings of a mixed methods systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42018104648)35 and qualitative work. Consequently, the initial discussions at the stakeholder feedback events, which were semi-structured in nature, were facilitated by seminal “touchpoints” and evidence-based topics. We can also be assured that data saturation, based upon the concept of Information Power,44 was achieved; previous work by Hennink and colleagues45 estimated the number of focus groups required to ensure at least 90% saturation to be a minimum of three, and up to six groups.

In addition, the previous review found no data on relative or informal carer perspectives of home-based exercise training following hospitalisation for an AECOPD.35 Therefore, this project provided new insights into the experiences and perspectives from these key stakeholders. In so doing, this project provides some assurances that an integrated model of care which embeds home-based exercise training into a HaH scheme is not perceived by informal carers as likely to increase their burden. This was important to ascertain given AECOPD already significantly and negatively impact relatives and informal carers,46 and unknowingly adding to this burden could have resulted in this model of care being determined to be impracticable and unfeasible in the longer term.

This project engaged a nationally accredited PR programme in the UK and a well-established respiratory-specific HaH scheme which has received recognition from the national clinical director for respiratory services at NHS England. Therefore, we are reassured that the perspectives of the healthcare professionals involved in this project included those with the expertise to provide valuable insights to aid decision-making, and as a result, can be an exemplar for other services. Nonetheless, this project only represents the perspectives of the stakeholders involved and from just one locality. In particular, we cannot guarantee the transferability of our results to those service users who have experienced HaH care but not PR. Therefore, we acknowledge that although these insights may be useful for other services, the transferability of the specific model of care developed in this project may require some adaptation and service-specific exploration before wider implementation is possible.

Conclusion

A model of care integrating home-based exercise training within a well-established HaH scheme has been co-designed by service users and healthcare professionals to address the low referral, uptake and subsequent completion of PR following AECOPD.