An Intact Krüppel-like factor 9 Gene Is Required for Acute Liver Period 1 mRNA Response to Restraint Stress.

The clock protein period 1 (PER1) is a central component of the core transcription-translation feedback loop governing cell-autonomous circadian rhythms in animals. Transcription of Per1 is directly regulated by the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), and Per1 mRNA is induced by stressors or injection of GC. Circulating GCs may synchronize peripheral clocks with the central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain. Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) is a zinc finger transcription factor that, like Per1, is directly regulated by liganded GR, and it associates in chromatin at clock and clock-output genes, including at Per1. We hypothesized that KLF9 modulates stressor-dependent Per1 transcription. We exposed wild-type (WT) and Klf9 null mice (Klf9-/-) of both sexes to 1 hour restraint stress, which caused similar 2- to 2.5-fold increases in plasma corticosterone (B) in each genotype and sex. Although WT mice of both sexes showed a 2-fold increase in liver Per1 mRNA level after restraint stress, this response was absent in Klf9-/- mice. However, injection of B in WT and Klf9-/- mice induced similar increases in Per1 mRNA. Our findings support that an intact Klf9 gene is required for liver Per1 mRNA responses to an acute stressor, but a possible role for GCs in this response requires further investigation.