Santosh K Tadakamadla1,2, Amy E Mitchell3, Newell W Johnson1,2,4, Alina Morawska3. 1. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. 2. Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. 3. Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. 4. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We report the development and validation of a comprehensive Parenting and Child Tooth brushing Assessment (PACTA) questionnaire. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with community-recruited Australian parents (N = 450) of children aged 2-8 years. Parents completed an online survey including the newly developed PACTA (comprising four scales assessing children's tooth brushing behaviours, parenting strategies, attitudes and knowledge) and established scales assessing parenting behaviours, attitudes and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analyses revealed two-factor structures for scales assessing child behaviour ('noncompliance' and 'avoidance behaviour'), parenting strategies ('effective strategies' and 'ineffective strategies') and attitudes ('emotional reactions' and 'lack of concern'), whereas the knowledge scale was unidimensional. Internal consistencies were satisfactory (>0.7) for all except the knowledge scale. There was good evidence of convergent and predictive validity. All subscales predicted children's parent-reported tooth brushing frequency; children were more likely to brush at least twice per day when parents reported fewer tooth brushing behavioural problems, using effective parenting strategies, and having better attitudes and knowledge. Poorer scores on the 'lack of concern' subscale of the attitudes scale were the strongest unique predictor of twice-daily brushing (OR, 95% CI: 1.51, 1.36-1.67). CONCLUSIONS: PACTA demonstrates satisfactory validity and reliability. Further research assessing sensitivity to change following intervention is warranted.
OBJECTIVE: We report the development and validation of a comprehensive Parenting and Child Tooth brushing Assessment (PACTA) questionnaire. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with community-recruited Australian parents (N = 450) of children aged 2-8 years. Parents completed an online survey including the newly developed PACTA (comprising four scales assessing children's tooth brushing behaviours, parenting strategies, attitudes and knowledge) and established scales assessing parenting behaviours, attitudes and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analyses revealed two-factor structures for scales assessing child behaviour ('noncompliance' and 'avoidance behaviour'), parenting strategies ('effective strategies' and 'ineffective strategies') and attitudes ('emotional reactions' and 'lack of concern'), whereas the knowledge scale was unidimensional. Internal consistencies were satisfactory (>0.7) for all except the knowledge scale. There was good evidence of convergent and predictive validity. All subscales predicted children's parent-reported tooth brushing frequency; children were more likely to brush at least twice per day when parents reported fewer tooth brushing behavioural problems, using effective parenting strategies, and having better attitudes and knowledge. Poorer scores on the 'lack of concern' subscale of the attitudes scale were the strongest unique predictor of twice-daily brushing (OR, 95% CI: 1.51, 1.36-1.67). CONCLUSIONS: PACTA demonstrates satisfactory validity and reliability. Further research assessing sensitivity to change following intervention is warranted.