Joint IFFS/ESHRE statement on COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant women and those considering pregnancy.

Over the course of 1 year, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19) infection increased to over 103 million cases with over 2.2 million deaths reported worldwide by February 1, 2021 (Joseph ). While increasing numbers of new cases are still being reported in many countries and total mortality continues to rise, the successful development and year-end deployment of several vaccines targeting COVID-19 offer new hope that the pandemic can finally be contained. We are now entering a new phase of the pandemic with ongoing surges in many regions with the variable and inconsistent implementation of mitigation strategies (social distancing, protective personal equipment, and frequent handwashing) while massive vaccination programs are now being undertaken.

The pandemic has imposed unique challenges for risk and mitigation counseling for women who are planning pregnancy or recently have conceived. Because the factors driving the spread and ultimate containment of COVID-19 are impacting countries differentially, it is not possible to make universal recommendations at this time. Although there is a burgeoning of relevant scientific publications, there is a paucity of rigorous, high-quality data with which to make specific recommendations regarding the management of COVID-19 in pregnancy (Joseph ). Women who contract COVID-19 during pregnancy are at increased risk for severe disease, death, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-term delivery and cesarean delivery (CDC, 2020; Johns Hopkins University of Medicine Resource Center, 2021; Joseph ). Several registries for pregnant women who have tested positive for COVID-19 are underway but no data have yet been released.

Status of vaccines for pregnant women

Several professional reproductive medicine organizations issued recommendations recently citing the recent availability of new vaccines and the possible use by pregnant women or those attempting a pregnancy. This joint statement summarizes relevant information about COVID-19 vaccination during or when attempting a pregnancy and mitigation strategies with the intent of helping health care providers and their patients make appropriate decisions.

Although recently released vaccines appear to be highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and severe disease and their manufacturers are planning clinical trials to include pregnant women, no data regarding the effects (safety or efficacy) of the vaccines in pregnancy have yet emerged (ECDC, 2020a, ECDC, 2020b; CDC, 2021). A small population of women who conceived in the initial clinical trials is being closely followed, and a limited amount of development and toxicity animal data offer some reassurance regarding the safety of the vaccine in pregnancy. Most of the COVID-19 vaccines initially released utilized mRNA or DNA that do not confer risk of COVID-19 infection (see Tables I and II). Over 100 vaccines are at various stages of development, and results have been published regarding 10 of them. They employ a variety of different technologies, including the use of adenovirus vectors, messenger RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles, and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus (IDSA, 2021). None has been produced with live-attenuated viruses (as used in rubella, rubeola, varicella, and mumps vaccines), which are contraindicated in pregnancy, but the safety profile for pregnant women of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under development is unknown for any of them. It is anticipated that more vaccines will be imminently approved. Tables I and II list current recommendations for women planning to conceive and those who are pregnant or breast-feeding. They will be periodically updated. While there are no known risks—other than side effects—for administering the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy or in breastfeeding women, the actual safety profile awaits completion of clinical trials that are imminently underway.

Table I

Vaccine recommendations for patients who are planning to conceive.

	General population	Categories at social risk	Comorbidities—Categories with clinical history of HIV	Contraindications	Recommended waiting time after vaccine administration (Months)
WHO 1	–	–	–		–
CDC 1	R	R	R		No waiting time
EMA	–	–	–		–
JCVI	R	R	R		No waiting time
Pfizer	–	–	–		–
Moderna	–	–	–		–

R, recommended; -, no advice given; WHO, World Health Organization; EMA, European Medicines Agency; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; JCVI, UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation.

Advice for mRNA vaccines only.

Table II

Vaccine recommendations for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

	General population	Categories at risk of exposure/infection	Comorbidities—Categories with clinical history of HIV (independent of pregnancy)	Comorbidities (any) and pregnancy	Contraindications	Recommended waiting time for pregnancy after vaccine administration (Months)	Breastfeeding women
WHO 1	NR	MBC	MBC	–	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	–
CDC 1	NR	R	R	R	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	MBC (no risk expected)
EMA	NR	MBC	MBC (immunocompromised)	–	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	MBC (no risk expected)
JCVI	NR	MBC	MBC	MBC	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	MBC
Pfizer	R	R	R	–	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	R
Moderna	NR	MBC	MBC	–	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	unknown
AstraZeneca	NR	MBC	MBC	–	History of severe allergic reaction/hypersensitivity to vaccine components	NA	unknown

R, recommended; NR, not recommended; MBC, may be considered; NA, non-applicable; -, no advice given.

Advice for mRNA vaccines only.

All countries have groups of patients reluctant to utilize vaccines. The urgency and manner in which the COVID-19 vaccines were developed have created unique concerns for this constituency. Their concerns should be acknowledged but the available evidence suggests that the potential benefits of vaccination strongly exceed the hypothetical risks.

The clinical scenarios differ among women who are considering pregnancy versus those that have already conceived.

Defer pregnancy until steps to effectively mitigate the risk of the pandemic have been undertaken (i.e. substantially reduced virus transmission or availability of vaccines and ready access to prenatal care). In areas with ineffective control of the pandemic and limited current resources for vaccination, this may represent a preferable option.

Proceed with efforts at conception, continue with mitigation measures and seek a COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible. Concerns regarding the ability of the local public health infrastructure to continue providing access to optimal antenatal and delivery care when critical care resources are diverted to managing patients with acute, severe coronavirus infections should also be considered when making recommendations.

Women who plan to conceive but are not yet pregnant have the following options

Each choice offers potential benefits and risks. The first option may pose the least risk but may not be the best option for women with a shorter reproductive horizon. The second option may be undertaken if the patient decides that the potential benefits of proceeding with vaccination outweighs the COVID-19 infection risks cited for her current time and place.

Continue all established mitigation strategies and defer COVID-19 vaccination until after pregnancy.

Seek a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as possible and continue established mitigation strategies including social distancing, mask-wearing, and hand washing.

Those women who are currently pregnant face the following choices

The issue of COVID-19 vaccine administration in pregnancy is currently the most contentious topic. Various professional organizations have offered guidance that has ranged from a strong endorsement of pregnant women receiving vaccination to a more cautious stance (ASRM, 2020; RCOG, 2020; SMFM, 2020; UK Department of Health & Social Care, 2020; ACOG, 2021; ESHRE COVID-19 Working Group, 2021; WHO, 2021). COVID-19 vaccination is currently being offered to pregnant women at high risk for infection (e.g. primarily health care workers) in some countries such as the USA, but universal recommendations have not yet emerged. However, in early 2021 a trend is emerging in which more healthcare agencies and professional societies are proposing that pregnant women be offered the vaccine when available. Prioritization strategies have been recommended for women considered to be “extremely vulnerable” by the UK’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) (UK Department of Health & Social Care, 2020). Other individuals meriting special consideration include frontline healthcare workers and others with high occupational exposure risk and those with significant co-morbidities such as respiratory, cardiovascular or renal disease, diabetes, obesity, or hypertension (RCOG, 2020; SMFM, 2020; UK Department of Health & Social Care, 2020; ACOG, 2021). Recognizing that pregnant women constitute a high-risk category but have not been identified as a high-priority group for vaccines, there have been recent appeals to specifically recruit and include them in subsequent research studies (Bardají ).

The decision to receive or decline the vaccine rests on individual risk, availability of the vaccine, and the potential recipients’ concerns regarding unknown risks of the new vaccines. Professional advice is strongly recommended both in pregnant women and those planning to conceive, particularly as knowledge and counseling are continuing to evolve.