Individuality meets plasticity: Endocrine phenotypes across male dominance rank acquisition in guinea pigs living in a complex social environment.

The time of dominance rank acquisition is a crucial phase in male life history that often affects reproductive success and hence fitness. Hormones such as testosterone and glucocorticoids can influence as well as be affected by this process. At the same time, hormone concentrations can show large individual variation. The extent to which such variation is repeatable, particularly in dynamic social settings, is a question of current interest. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate how dominance rank and individual differences contribute to variance in hormone concentrations during male rank acquisition in a complex social environment. For this purpose, dominance rank as well as baseline testosterone, baseline cortisol, and cortisol responsiveness after exposure to a novel environment were determined in colony-housed guinea pig males from late adolescence through adulthood. Hormone-dominance relationships and repeatability of hormone measures beyond their relation to rank were assessed. There was a significant positive relationship between baseline testosterone and rank, but this link became weaker with increasing age. Baseline cortisol or cortisol responsiveness, in contrast, were not significantly related to dominance. Notably, all three endocrine parameters were significantly repeatable independent of dominance rank from late adolescence through adulthood. Baseline testosterone and cortisol responsiveness showed a significantly higher repeatability than baseline cortisol. This suggests that testosterone titres and cortisol responsiveness represent stable individual attributes even under complex social conditions.