The lichens of the Majella National Park (Central Italy): an annotated checklist.

The botanical exploration of the Majella National Park has a long tradition dating back to the eighteenth century. However, the lichen biota of this area is still poorly investigated. To provide a baseline for future investigations, in this annotated checklist, we summarised all available information on the occurrence of lichens in the Majella National Park, retrieved from previous literature, herbarium material and original data produced by recent research. The checklist includes 342 infrageneric taxa. However, seven taxa are considered as dubious, thus setting the number of accepted taxa at 335, i.e. 45.8% of those currently known to occur in the Abruzzo Region. This checklist provides a baseline of the lichens known to occur in the Majella National Park, highlighting the potential of this area as a hotspot of lichen biodiversity, especially from a biogeographical point of view as indicated by the occurrence of several arctic-alpine species that form disjunct populations in the summit area of the massif. Gabriele Gheza, Luca Di Nuzzo, Chiara Vallese, Renato Benesperi, Elisabetta Bianchi, Valter Di Cecco, Luciano Di Martino, Paolo Giordani, Josef Hafellner, Helmut Mayrhofer, Pier Luigi Nimis, Mauro Tretiach, Juri Nascimbene.

Introduction

The botanical exploration of the Majella National Park has a long tradition dating back to the eighteenth century, which has provided the basis for the compilation of a recent checklist of vascular plants including 2286 infrageneric taxa (Conti et al. 2019). This massif clearly is a hotspot of plant diversity due to the interaction of physical, climatic and biogeographic factors. In particular, the flora of high-elevation habitats consists of many endemic taxa of high phytogeographic relevance.

On the other hand, the lichen biota of this area is still poorly investigated. Historical data are scanty, the main contribution being that by Nimis and Tretiach (1999), who carried out intensive lichen collections along the eastern part of the Italian peninsula. These authors collected several specimens, currently stored in the TSB herbarium, in at least five localities distributed along a steep elevational gradient, from 500 to 2500 m, in the Majella National Park. Ten years later, Cucchi et al. (2009) studied the microtopography of carbonatic rocks, reporting several endolithic taxa. Overall, these collections revealed several interesting species that were either new to the Abruzzo region or indicative of the biogeographic importance of the Majella massif also for lichens. For example, several arctic-alpine lichens occur there in small and disjunct areas at the southernmost limit of their European distribution, the nearest populations being in the Alps (Nimis 2016).

In 2017, a scientific collaboration started between the administration of the Majella National Park (with its botanical office) and the University of Bologna, under the project “Lichen biodiversity in the Majella National Park”, with the aim of contributing to fill this knowledge gap. Besides pure floristic explorations (e.g. Nascimbene et al. 2019), the research project also included ecological investigations, mainly focused on high elevation areas, for example, a lichen survey on the four GLORIA summits (Di Cecco et al. 2019) and along an elevational transect across the whole main ridge of the massif (Di Nuzzo et al. 2021).

To provide a baseline for future investigations, in this annotated checklist, we have summarised all available information on the occurrence of lichens in the Majella National Park, retrieved from previous literature, herbarium material and original data produced by our research. In this checklist, very few lichenicolous fungi are included. To be treated exhaustively, this component would require specific investigations.

Materials and methods

Study area

The Majella National Park (MNP) is located in the central Apennines, Italy, and was established in 1995 by National Law 1991, n. 394, to preserve, protect and enhance the high value of the inherent natural, historical and cultural resources of the area. The Park consists mainly of carbonate mountains, separated by valleys and karst high plateaus, with a broad altitudinal range (130–2,793 m a.s.l.). The Majella massif has more than 60 peaks, with half of them rising above 2,000 m and includes the second highest peak in the Apennines, Mount Amaro (2,793 m). From a bioclimatic point of view, the study area is included in the alpine biogeographical region (Cervellini et al. 2020) and the climate corresponds to the subalpine-alpine humid type as far as the lower summit is concerned, whereas the other summits belong to the alpine humid type (Blasi et al. 2005). The Park’s territories are part of the Natura 2000 network. The boundaries coincide with a Special Protection Area (SPA) for the conservation of wild birds (established by the Birds Directive 79/409/EEC). Furthermore, within the Park, there are four Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), established by the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (Di Cecco et al. 2020).

The data

Occurrence data were retrieved from multiple sources, for a total of 1625 records:

critical evaluation of literature records (463 records from 10 publications);

217 records stored in on-line available herbaria, mainly from TSB (Herbarium of the University of Trieste);

reliable field observations related to our research project (e.g. only in the case of easily-identifiable species) recorded between 2017 and 2019 (100 records);

845 herbarium records (personal herbarium of JN and GG) related to our research project collected between 2017 and 2019.

All these records were georeferenced and stored in a database.

The following abbreviations were used for the sources of occurrence data: C09 (Cucchi et al. 2009), C73 (Cesati 1873), C86 (Coassini Lokar et al. 1986), GG (personal herbarium and field observations by Gabriele Gheza), J74 (Jatta 1874), J11 (Jatta 1909–1911), JN (personal herbarium and field observations by Juri Nascimbene and collaborators), N19 (Nascimbene et al. 2019), NAP (Herbarium of the University of Naples), NT99 (Nimis and Tretiach 1999), R20 (Ravera et al. 2020), RV96 (Recchia and Villa 1996), T15 (Tretiach 2015), TSB (Herbarium of the University of Trieste).

The specimens collected during our project were identified in the laboratory using a dissecting and a compound microscope. Routine chemical spot tests were performed for most specimens. The identification of sterile crustose lichens (e.g. -species) was based on standardised thin-layer chromatography (TLC), following the protocols of Orange et al. (2001).

Lichen nomenclature, as well as synonymisation of old records, follow ITALIC 6.0 – The information system on Italian Lichens (Nimis and Martellos 2020), which is mainly based on the checklist of the Italian lichens by Nimis (2016). This source was used also for retrieving information on biological traits, ecological requirements and geographic distribution for each taxon.

Taxa are listed alphabetically. For each taxon, the accepted name, all available records, the altitudinal distribution, habitat preference and/or substrate are reported, whenever information is available. A short note (on ecology, distribution and/or taxonomy) is associated with each noteworthy taxon (e.g. taxa which are new to the region and/or of particular biogeographic or conservation importance). Dubious records are reported at the end of the checklist. For each record, a critical note accounting for the “dubious status” is reported.

Results

General overview

The checklist includes 342 infrageneric taxa. However, seven taxa are considered as dubious, thus setting the number of accepted taxa at 335, i.e. 45.8% of the those currently known to occur in the Abruzzo Region. In the following, the main traits of the lichen biota are detailed:

growth forms: five taxa (1.5%) are leprose, 199 (59.4%) are crustose (161 crustose, 13 placodiomorph, 25 endolithic), 16 (4.9%) are squamulose, 80 (23.9%) are foliose (52 broad-lobed, 25 narrow-lobed, three umbilicate) and 34 (10.2%) are fruticose (31 fruticose, three filamentous). Only four taxa (1.2%) are non-lichenised, lichenicolous fungi: Arthonia galactinaria, Carbonea vitellinaria, Merismatium decolorans and Opegrapha rupestris.

photobionts (only lichenised taxa): 296 taxa (88.6%) are chlorolichens (282 with a chlorococcoid photobiont and 16 with a trentepohlioid photobiont), 37 taxa (11.2%) are cyanolichens (35 with a filamentous cyanobacterium and two with a coccaceous cyanobacterium), and one species (0.2%), Peltigera leucophlebia, is a cephalolichen with both a chlorococcoid and a cyanobacterial (in external cephalodia) photobiont.

main reproductive strategies: 257 taxa (76.8%) mainly disperse by sexual reproduction, forming ascospores in apothecia or perithecia, while 77 taxa (23.2%) disperse by asexual reproduction (22 by means of isidia or isidia-like structures, 47 by means of soredia or soredia-like structures and seven mainly by means of thallus fragmentation).

substrates: 122 taxa (36.6%) are mainly epiphytic, four (1.2%) mainly lignicolous, 126 (38.1%) mainly saxicolous, 78 (22.8%) mainly terricolous and five (1.3%) are lichenicolous on saxicolous lichens: Placocarpus schaereri on Protoparmeliopsis versicolor, Placopyrenium canellum on Circinaria calcarea, Verrucula biatorinaria on Calogaya biatorina, Verrucula coccinearia on Caloplaca coccinea and Verrucula granulosaria on Flavoplaca granulosa. Some species can occur on more than one substrate.

Noteworthy taxa

The checklist includes several noteworthy taxa, expecially from a biogeographical perspective. Twenty taxa are new to the Abruzzo Region: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . Additionally, is formally new to Italy (see note below), while is formally new to Abruzzo on the basis of an old literature record that is accepted here (see note).

One taxon is known to occur in Italy only for the record reported here (), while 16 taxa are the only records for both peninsular and central Italy (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ).

Twenty-six taxa (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ) have an arctic-alpine distribution, several of them being at their southernmost distribution limit in Italy, or even in Europe, as in the case of and .

The record of the steppic lichen provides a connection between the main area of distribution of this taxon (Eastern Europe and Central Asia) and its scattered Western European populations (Northern Italy, Spain).

Finally, thirteen epiphytic taxa are of conservation interest, being included in the Red List of epiphytic lichens of Italy (Nascimbene et al. 2013): (VU), (NT), (NT), (NT), (NT), (NT), (NT), (LC), (NT), (NT), (NT), (VU) and (VU).

Annotated checklist

Roccacaramanico (NT99); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On rock (JN).

Valle dell’Orfento (J74). – This record is the only one available from Abruzzo (Nimis 1993, 2016); despite the fact that it was not confirmed by recent exploration, it is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread, common species (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone, near Bivacco Fusco (NT99). – In the alpine belt (2500 m: NT99). – Previously reported from Abruzzo only by Grillo and Romano (1987) from the Abruzzo National Park.

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99); below the Maielletta (TSB: 2005); road between Lettomanoppello and Passo Lanciano (TSB: 2005). – In the montane belt (1080–1350 m: TSB). In a beech forest (TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – From the lower (970 m: JN) to the upper montane belt (1360 m: TSB). On bark of (TSB; JN).

Trail between Blockhaus and M. Focalone (T15; TSB: 2005); Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – In the subalpine belt (2300–2420 m: T15; TSB; JN). In calcareous grasslands (T15; TSB; JN). On organic soil (T15; TSB; JN). – These are the only known records for Abruzzo and peninsular Italy and, thus, also the southernmost ones in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99); at 20 sites along the main ridge of the Majella massif between 2139 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

M. Amaro (C73; J11); Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017); Vetta Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Colle d’Acquaviva (JN: 2017); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); M. Macellaro (JN: 2017, 2018); between Iaccione and Piano Amaro (JN: 2017); Piano Amaro (JN: 2017); Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); between Grotta Canosa and M. Amaro (JN: 2017); M. Amaro (JN: 2017); between M. Acquaviva and M. Focalone (JN: 2017); Cima dell’Altare (JN: 2017); at five sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2322 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (2207 m: JN) to the alpine (2750 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – These records are the southernmost ones in Europe (cf. Nimis 2016) and confirm the old record by Cesati (1873) from M. Amaro (Jatta 1909–1911, Nimis 1993). According to Nimis (1993), the other old record from Majella by Jatta (1874) from pine bark probably refers to another species. Widespread in the Alps, this species is known from the Apennines only for Abruzzo (Campo Imperatore, in the Gran Sasso massif, Nimis and Tretiach 1999).

Guesthouse of Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN), (N19; JN) and (JN).

Majella (C73); at two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1825 and 2091 m (JN: 2019). – In the subalpine belt (1825–2091 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (JN).

Majella (C73; J74); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Cansano (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1434 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; JN) and (JN).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (TSB). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Trail between Lettomanoppello and Passo Lanciano (T15; TSB: 2005). – In the montane belt (1080 m: T15). On calcareous rock (T15). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2700 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99). Parasite on (NT99). – This record was reported under (Tul.) Th. Fr. by Nimis and Tretiach (1999), but later Nimis (2016) moved it under , since is recognised to parasitise only species of .

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (J19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN) and (N19).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 2016); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018); Centiata, Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1420 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

At two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2582 and 2592 m (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2582–2592 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. These records are located between the main Italian range of the species on the Alps and the disjunct populations occurring on the highest mountains of Calabria and Sicily (Nimis 2016).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); at 13 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1997 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the submontane (1997 m: JN) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On bryophytes and plant debris (JN).

Caramanico (TSB). – In the lower montane belt (820 m: TSB). On bark of deciduous sp. (TSB).

Majella (C73; J74). – On calcareous rock (J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but the record is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); near Martellose (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the subalpine (2065 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); at five sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2322 and 2634 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99) to the alpine (2634 m: JN) belt. On plant debris (JN).

Vallone Grascito (R20). – In the colline belt (568 m: R20). On bark of (R20). – This record is the only one available from Abruzzo (Nimis and Martellos 2020).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19), (N19; JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99; TSB: 1996). On calcareous rock (NT99; TSB: 1996).

Passo S. Leonardo (C09); Passo Lanciano (C09); Caramanico (C09); Lettomanoppello (C09); M. Blockhaus (C09). – From the colline (570 m: C09) to the subalpine (2170 m: C09) belt. In open shrublands (C09) and pastures (C09). On calcareous rock (C09).

Majella (C73; J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99); Passo S. Leonardo (C09); Caramanico (C09). – From the colline (570 m: C09) to the montane (1200 m: C09) belt. In pastures (C09) and open shrublands (C09). On calcareous rock (C09).

Roccacaramanico (NT99). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99).

Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200 m: JN). On bark of (JN).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2600 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the southernmost record in Italy (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99); at three sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2073 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (2073 m: JN) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

At one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2634 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous soil (TSB).

Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2400 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris with and (JN). This is a mainly arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, bipolar lichen and the record reported here is the southernmost in Italy. New to Abruzzo.

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (TSB).

At two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2025 and 2085 m (JN: 2019). – In the subalpine belt (2025–2028 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (JN). – New to Abruzzo. These are the first records from the Apennines and from peninsular Italy (cf. Nimis 2016).

Above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2018). – In the alpine belt (2490–2579 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Majella (C73); Campo di Giove (J74); at four sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2560 and 2640 m (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2560–2640 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – These records from the Majella massif are the southernmost in Italy (cf. Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); Bosco di Pacentro (J74). – On bark (J74). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since the ecological requirements of this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200 m: JN). On bark of (JN).

Majella (C73); Campo di Giove (J74). – This is a silicicolous lichen (Nimis 2016) that likely meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone.

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2490: JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This species is currently known from the Alps and this is the southernmost record in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable since the ecological requirements of this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area. This old record is the only one from the Majella massif. The other records from Abruzzo were collected elsewhere (Nimis 2016). The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “vulnerable” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Majella (C73; J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2500 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB). – These records were reported under by Nimis and Tretiach (1999), but later Nimis (in Nimis and Martellos 2020) revised the material, which proved to belong to .

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On saxicolous mosses (TSB).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (1250 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo and peninsular Italy (Nimis 2016) and the southernmost in Europe (Nimis and Tretiach 1999; Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Campo di Giove, Piano Cerreto (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1420 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; TSB; JN), (TSB), (JN) and (JN). – s. str. is an epiphytic species; the record from M. Blockhaus by Nimis and Tretiach (1999) could refer to (see) and is not reported here.

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); M. d’Ugni (JN: 2017); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the subalpine (1770 m: JN) to the alpine (2635 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Majella (C73; J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2019). – From the colline (635 m: JN) to the montane (1000 m: NT99) belt. On concrete (JN).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (TSB).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); at 30 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1958 and 2681 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (1958 m: JN) to the alpine (2681 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (JN) and calcareous soil (TSB).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2019). – In the colline belt (635 m: JN). On concrete (JN).

Majella (C73; J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since this is a very widespread species (Nimis 2016), which is probably common in the study area at low elevations.

Majella (C73); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2500 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

At two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2634 and 2664 m (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2634–2664 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – This species was previously reported from Abruzzo, as , only from the Gran Sasso massif by Nimis and Tretiach (1999).

Along the Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350–1420 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Tocco da Casauria, Osservanza (RV96). – In the colline belt (370 m: RV96). On bark of (RV96).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the alpine belt (2500 m: NT99; TSB). On decalcified calcareous rock (TSB).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); at three sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1825 and 2350 m (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1360 m: TSB) to the alpine (2350 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On bark of (JN), (TSB) and on plant debris (JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the alpine belt (2500 m: NT99; TSB). On decalcified calcareous rock (TSB). – A lichenicolous fungus growing on (Nimis 2016).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Cima dell’Altare (JN: 2017); at 20 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2001 and 2660 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the upper montane (1535 m: JN) to the alpine (2660 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

At two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2018 and 2119 m (JN: 2019). – In the subalpine belt (2018–2119 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – This species was previously reported from Abruzzo only from the Gran Sasso massif by Nimis and Tretiach (1999).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (TSB).

Vallone Grascito (R20). – In the colline belt (564 m: R20). On bark of (R20). – This record is the only one available from Abruzzo (Nimis and Martellos 2020).

At one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2322 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Femmina Morta (J74); M. Rapina (JN: 2017); Iaccione (JN: 2017); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); at two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1995 and 2020 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the alpine (2367 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Majella (C73); M. Amaro (J74; JN: 2017); Femmina Morta (J74; JN: 2017); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99); above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Anfiteatro Murelle (JN: 2017); Guado di Coccia (JN: 2017); Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017); Valle di Taranta (JN: 2017); Fondo di Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); trail “Sentiero P1” (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2017); between Iaccione and Piano Amaro (JN: 2017); between M. Amaro and Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Cima dell’Altare (JN: 2017); Valle Cannella (JN: 2017); Rava del Ferro (JN: 2017); M. Focalone (JN: 2017); M. Pescofalcone (JN: 2017); between M. Pescofalcone and M. Rapina (JN: 2017); M. Rapina (JN: 2017); La Carozza (JN: 2017); Cima Murelle (JN: 2017); Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2017); Martellese (JN: 2017); M. Blockhaus (JN: 2017); at 19 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1847 and 2765 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (1623 m: JN) to the alpine (2765 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN) and plant debris (JN).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the alpine (2600 m: JN) belt. In a dry grassland (JN). On soil (JN).

M. Morrone, Impianezza (RV96). – In the colline belt (630 m: RV96). On bark of (RV96). – One of the few confirmed records from central Italy (Nimis 2016). The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Majella (J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

At one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the subalpine belt (1997 m: JN). In open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo and to peninsular Italy (cf. Nimis 2016). The only other known Italian record is from Alpi Cozie (Piedmont), not far from the only known French locality in the Maritime Alps (Hafellner et al. 2004; Roux et al. 2017). This is a species typical of cold steppes and deserts which occurs in Eastern Europe, Near Asia, Central Asia and North America; it is found also in steppes of Central Spain and the scattered occurrences in Italy, France and Greece represent natural connections between the two European disjunctions (Hafellner et al. 2004).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On decalcified calcareous rock (TSB).

At one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the subalpine belt (1847 m: JN). In open grasslands (JN). On calcareous soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo.

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). In a beech forest (JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1360 m: TSB). On dead wood (TSB).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99); summit ridge of M. Majella (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1200 m: NT99) to the subalpine (2091 m: JN) belt. On soil (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valle di Fara (JN: 2017); Capo Le Macchie (JN: 2017); Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Cansano (JN: 2018); Palena (GG: 2018). – From the lower (800 m: JN) to the upper montane (1250 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (NT99; JN; GG). On calcareous soil (NT99; JN; GG). – The calciphilous ecotype, which occurs in the study area, has been considered for long as a separate species, (Lam.) Anders, but recent studies proved that it belongs to the same species as the acidophilous ecotype (Pino Bodas et al. 2018).

Near Campo Giove (JN); at two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1995 and 2322 m (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the subalpine (2322 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Capo Le Macchie (JN: 2017). – In the montane belt (875–1000 m: NT99; JN). In calcareous dry grasslands (JN). On calcareous soil (NT99; JN).

Maiellone (C86; NAP: 1872). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Valle dell’Orfento (J74). – On soil (J74).

Blockhaus, Grotte di Celano (NT99; TSB: 1996); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); near Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017); trail between Rifugio Pomilio and M. Blockhaus (GG: 2018); at seven sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2025 and 2640 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (1499 m: JN) to the alpine (2640 m: JN) belt. In open habitats, for example, grasslands (JN; GG). On calcareous soil (TSB; JN; GG).

Blockhaus, Grotte di Celano (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous soil (NT99; TSB). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo and peninsular Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (J74); Campo di Giove (JN: 2017, 2018); at 13 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1812 and 2645 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the alpine (2645 m: JN) belt. In open habitats, for example, grasslands (JN). On soil (JN).

Capo Le Macchie (JN: 2017); trail between Lama dei Peligni and Rifugio Fonte Tarì (JN: 2017); Cansano (JN: 2018); Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – From the lower (875 m: JN) to the upper montane (1250 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN). On soil (JN).

Fara San Martino, Vallone di Santo Spirito (RV96); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Valle di Taranta (JN: 2017); M. Blockhaus (GG: 2018); at 38 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1847 and 2640 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (1650 m: JN) to the alpine (2640 m: JN) belt. In calcareous grasslands (JN; GG) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On calcareous soil (JN; GG).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000–1200 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – The only other record of this common species from Abruzzo is from the Gran Sasso massif (Nimis and Tretiach 1999).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1350: JN). On bark of (N19) and (N19; TSB; JN).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN), (N19) and (N19; JN).

Caramanico, S. Tommaso (TSB). – In the colline belt (468 m: TSB). On bark of sp. (TSB).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19) and (N19; JN).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016, 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19) and (N19; JN).

Trail between Blockhaus and M. Focalone (T15; TSB: 2005); Majella, Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016). – In the subalpine belt (2290–2300 m: T15; TSB; JN). On organic soil (T15; TSB; JN). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo and central Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); ford of S. Antonio (J74); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99); between Grotta Canosa and M. Amaro (JN: 2017); M. Amaro (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99) to the alpine (2700 m: JN) belt. On rock (JN).

Majella (C73; J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19), (JN).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (NT99; TSB).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – In the colline belt (600 m: JN). On bark of (JN). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Majella (C73); Valle dell’Orfento (J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Cima dell’Altare (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (1535 m: JN) to the alpine (2600 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (JN).

Majella (C73); Valle dell’Orfento (J74); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018); at 17 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1812 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (TSB; JN).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – In the colline belt (650 m: JN). On bark of (JN). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Ridge beneath Cima Macirenelle (JN: 2020). – In the subalpine belt (1825 m: JN). In a rocky high-altitude habitat (JN). On soil (JN). – This is the only known record for the Majella massif. The species has a scattered distribution on the highest mountains of the Apennines (Nimis 2016) and was reported previously from Abruzzo only by Recchia and Villa (1996).

Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); along the Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350–1434 m: JN). On bark of (N19), (JN), (N19; JN) and (JN).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2600 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN). – Previously reported from Abruzzo only by Jatta (1889).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – In the alpine belt (2420–2635 m: JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – In the alpine belt (2500–2700 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN). – Previously reported from Abruzzo only by Hertel (1967) from the Majella and the Gran Sasso massifs, where it was recorded also by Nimis and Tretiach (1999).

Femmina morta (J74; JN: 2017); ridge beneath Cima Macirenelle (JN: 2020). – From the subalpine (1825 m: JN) to the alpine (2408 m: JN) belt. In open habitats (JN). On soil (J74; JN). – These are the only known records for the Majella massif. Common in the Alps, this species occurs only in a few sites of the central Apennines (Nimis 2016); it was previously reported from Abruzzo only from the Gran Sasso massif by Nimis and Tretiach (1999).

Majella (C73; J74); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of broadleaved trees (TSB).

M. Morrone, Impianezza (RV96). – In the colline belt (630 m: RV96). On bark of (RV96).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (NT99; TSB).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996; S: 1996); below the Majelletta (TSB: 2005). – In the montane belt (1200–1350 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN) and (N19). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Majella (C73); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On soil (TSB). – This species has been previously reported from other localities in the Apennines only from Abruzzo (Gran Sasso massif) by Nimis and Tretiach (1999). The record from M. Blockhaus is the southernmost in Europe (Nimis 2016).

Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1200 m: JN) to the alpine (2634 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the southernmost record in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Grotta di S. Angelo (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the lower montane (850 m: JN) belt. On bark of (JN) and (JN).

Caramanico, S. Tommaso (TSB: 1990). – In the colline belt (468 m: TSB). On bark of sp. (TSB).

Majella (C73); Valle di Fara (JN: 2017). – In the lower montane belt (800 m: JN). On soil (JN).

Near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2290–2552 m: JN). On soil (JN).

Majella (C73). – This is the only record from Abruzzo, Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Femmina Morta (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2330 m: JN). On calciferous soil (JN). New to Abruzzo. This is a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar, ephemeral lichen growing in dry, open grasslands.

Bolognano, Madonna del M. (RV96). – In the colline belt (330 m: RV96). On bark of (RV96). – This is the only record from Abruzzo and the southernmost for Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area. It is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Roccacaramanico (NT99). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99). On calcareous rock, lichenicolous on (NT99).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – In the colline belt (650 m: JN). On bark of (JN).

Majella (C73); Caramanico (J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); at three sites in Val di Foro (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018). – From the lower (970 m: JN) to the upper montane (1250 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB), terricolous mosses (J74; JN).

Majella (C73); Caramanico (J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1996); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the subalpine (2081 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On calcareous rock (TSB), soil (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Majella (C73); at five sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2380 and 2664 m (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2380–2664 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On calcareous rock (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); at three sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2210 and 2461 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2461 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On bark of broadleaved trees (TSB) and on small shrubs (JN).

Majella (C73); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017). – In the montane belt (1200–1434 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On bark of (TSB; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018); along the Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1000–1420 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On bark of (TSB; JN), (JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the alpine (2350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (JN), (N19; TSB; JN) and (JN)

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017); Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2634 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (TSB; JN).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – From the lower (970 m: JN) to the upper montane (1434 m: JN) belt. On bark of (TSB; JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018). – From the lower (650 m: JN) to the upper montane (1434 m: JN) belt. On bark of (TSB; JN).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of conifers (TSB).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous soil (TSB). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1000–1360 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (N19; TSB; JN).

Majella (C73; J74). This old record was not confirmed by recent surveys, but it can be considered reliable since this cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane lichen is common on hard lignum in upland areas, including Mediterranean mountains (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the alpine belt (2500 m: NT99; TSB). On bryophytes and plant debris (TSB).

Majella (C73); Monte Amaro (J74). – This is a silicicolous lichen (Nimis 2016) that likely meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone.

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – This is the only known record for Abruzzo and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Europe (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Majella (C73); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB 1997); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018); along Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018); at 9 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2001 and 2533 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2533 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On bark of (JN), (N19; TSB; JN), (TSB), (JN) and on plant debris (JN).

At twenty sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1812 and 2350 m (JN: 2019). – From the subalpine (1812 m: JN) to the alpine (2350 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On twigs (JN). – It was previously reported from Abruzzo only by Grillo and Romano (1987) from the Abruzzo National Park.

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1200 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2700 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2322–2398 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (JN). – This species was previously reported from Abruzzo only from the Gran Sasso massif by Nimis and Tretiach (1999).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Grotta di S. Angelo (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1440 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN), (N19) and (JN).

At one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2573 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Lettomanoppello, Fontana del Papa (TSB: 2005). – In the colline belt (500 m: TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2600 m: JN). On soil (JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valle di Fara (JN: 2017). – In the montane belt (800–1200 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Majella (C73); Piano dei Mulini (J74); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – In the colline belt (650 m: JN). On bark of (JN). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016, 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2018). – In montane belt (1350 m: JN). In beech-dominatedforests (JN). On bark of (JN) and (N19; JN).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016, 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN) and (N19). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “least concern” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Majella (C73). This old record was not confirmed by recent survey, but it seems reliable since this is a mainly southern species in Europe, found on hard rocks with optimum in the montane belt (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); Valle dell’Orfento (J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN) and (JN).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1420 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (JN), (N19; TSB; JN), (JN) and (JN).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN), (N19; JN) and (JN).

Bosco di S. Antonio (RV96); San Domenico, Monti Pizzi (JN: 2017); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1340–1434 m: RV96; JN). On bark of (JN) and (RV96; JN).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN) and (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1000–1200 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (JN).

Guesthouse of Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – In the colline belt (650 m: JN). On bark of (JN). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2420 m: JN). In open high-altitude habitat (JN). – A lichenicolous fungus growing on (JN).

Bosco di Pacentro (J74). – On bark of (J74). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Majella, S. Antonino (J74). – On mosses (J74). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but is considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – In the alpine belt (2420–2700 m: JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN). – The only other record of this taxon from Abruzzo is from the Gran Sasso massif (Nimis and Tretiach 1999). Those from Majella are the southernmost records for Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); Roccacaramanico (NT99). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99).

Popoli, Impianezza (RV96); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Campo di Giove, Piano Cerreto (JN: 2018). – From the colline (630 m: RV96) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (JN) and (RV96).

Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2420 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the southernmost record of the species in Italy (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); M. d’Ugni (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (1770 m: JN) to the alpine (2500 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Majella (C73); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2700 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99); Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); at 11 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1997 and 2681 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (1997 m: JN) to the alpine (2681 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (JN).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016, 2018); Monti Pizzi, Valle del Sole (JN: 2017). – In the montane belt (1350–1455 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Majella (J74). – On bark of (J74). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350–1434 m: JN). On bark of (N19; J74) and (N19).

Tavola Rotonda (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2398 m: JN). On soil (JN). – The only other record of this taxon from Abruzzo is from the Gran Sasso massif (Nimis and Tretiach 1999). Those from Majella are the southernmost records of this taxon for Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73; J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species. Lichenicolous in various verrucarialean crustose lichens (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); Campo di Giove (J74). – This is a silicicolous, arctic-alpine circumpolar lichen (Nimis 2016) that likely meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone. The southernmost records in Italy are those of Calabria (Nimis 2016).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – This is the only known record of the species from Abruzzo, peninsular Italy and the Apennines and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the alpine belt (2500 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – This is the only known record of the species from Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73); S. Antonio (J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016). However, different cryptic species may occur in the group of (e.g. Molina et al. 2004) and further research is required to clarify which of them occurs in the study area.

Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1230–1434 m: JN). On bark of (JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Pescocostanzo (TSB); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1434 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; TSB; JN) and (N19; JN).

Majella (C73). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area. It is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “near-threatened” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Cerro, Popoli (RV96). – In the colline belt (350 m: RV96). On bark of (RV96). – This is the only known record from Abruzzi (Nimis 2016).

Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Grotta di S. Angelo near Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2018). – From the lower (850 m: JN) to the upper montane (1440 m: JN) belt. On bark of (JN).

Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: TSB) belt. On bark of (TSB), (JN) and (JN).

Majella (J74); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Grotta di S. Angelo near Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1434 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; JN), (N19) and (JN).

Majella (C73; J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but they are considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); at 11 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2322 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On plant debris (TSB; JN). – The only other record of this taxon from Abruzzo is from the Gran Sasso massif (Nimis and Tretiach 1999). Those from Majella are the southernmost records for Italy (Nimis 2016).

Guado di S. Antonio (J74). – On rock (J74). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73; J74). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but it is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Pescocostanzo (TSB); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; TSB; JN).

M. Rapina (JN: 2017); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – From the montane (970 m: JN) to the subalpine (1920 m: JN) belt. On soil (JN) and terricolous mosses (JN). – New to Abruzzo.

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1450 m: JN). In beech woods (JN). On soil (JN), terricolous mosses (JN) and epiphytic mosses on (N19; JN).

Above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2490 m: JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo.

Fara San Martino, Vallone di Santo Spirito (RV96); Blockhaus, Grotte di Celano (NT99). – From the montane (1100 m: RV96) to the subalpine (2150 m: NT99) belt. On soil above calcareous rock (RV96). – These are the only known records for Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Valle dell’Orfento (RV96); near Passo Lanciano (JN: 2017); Val di Foro (JN: 2018); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the colline (530 m: RV96) to the subalpine (2119 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN), mosses (RV96).

Above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2490 m: JN). On soil (JN).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016, 2018); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Val di Foro (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (970–1450 m: JN). In beech woods (JN). On soil (JN), terricolous mosses (JN), epiphytic mosses on (JN) and bark of (N19; JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Campo di Giove (JN: 2017); Colle d’Acquaviva (JN: 2017); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); trail between Rifugio Pomilio and M. Blockhaus (GG); M. Blockhaus (GG); at nine sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2149 and 2637 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (1715 m: JN) to the alpine (2637 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN; GG) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (TSB; JN; GG).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); below the Maielletta (TSB: 2005). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – These records from Majella are the only recent ones from Abruzzo, the others date back to the 19th Century (see literature cited by Nimis 1993).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On bark of (JN).

Majella (C73); S. Antonio (J74); Caramanico S. Tommaso (TSB: 1990); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – From the colline (468 m: TSB) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (JN), (N19), (N19), (JN) and sp. (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996; JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2490–2500 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On calcareous soil (NT99; TSB; JN). – The only other records from Abruzzo are from the Gran Sasso massif (Nimis and Tretiach 1999). Those from Majella are the southernmost records for Italy (Nimis 2016).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19), (N19; JN), (N19) and (JN).

Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1434 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; JN), (JN) and (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1434 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (JN), (N19; JN), (JN) and (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On bark of (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1200 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On bark of (TSB), (JN) and (JN).

Majella (C73); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (TSB: 1996); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1420 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On bark of (TSB; JN) and (JN).

Caramanico S. Tommaso (TSB: 1990). – In the colline belt (468 m: TSB). On bark of sp. (TSB).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN).

Majella (C73); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19). – From the colline (650 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1420 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; JN), (JN) and (JN).

Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350–1434 m: JN). On bark of (N19) and (N19; JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (TSB: 1996; JN: 2016); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2490–2600 m: JN). On soil (TSB; JN).

Caramanico, S. Tommaso (TSB: 1990); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (468 m: TSB) to the montane (1360 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN), (N19; TSB; JN), deciduous sp. (TSB) and (JN).

S. Tommaso (TSB: 1990). – In the colline belt (580 m: TSB). On bark of deciduous sp. (TSB).

S. Tommaso (TSB: 1990); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (580 m: TSB) to the montane (1360 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; TSB; JN), (N19) and deciduous sp. (TSB).

At six sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2018 and 2620 m (JN: 2019). – From the subalpine (2018 m: JN) to the alpine (2620 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – The only other records of this taxon from Abruzzo are from the Gran Sasso massif (Nimis and Tretiach 1999). Those from Majella are the southernmost records for Italy (Nimis 2016).

Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); at 12 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1812 and 2640 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the alpine (2640 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – A lichenicolous lichen occurring on .

Roccacaramanico (NT99). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99). – A lichenicolous lichen occurring on .

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1350: JN) to the alpine (2595 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN), dead wood (JN) and bark of (N19).

M. d’Ugni (JN: 2017). – In the subalpine belt (1770 m). On calcareous rock (JN).

Majella (C73); Bosco di Pacentro (J74); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Domenico (N19; JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1434 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; TSB; JN) and (N19; JN).

M. Blockhaus (C09). – In the subalpine belt (2170 m: C09). In a pasture (C09). On calcareous rock (C09).

Majelletta (C09); M. Blockhaus (C09); Lettomanoppello (C09). – From the colline (750 m: C09) to the subalpine (2170 m: C09) belt. In open shrublands (C09) and pastures (C09). On calcareous rock (C09). – These records from Majella are the only ones for Abruzzo and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Majelletta (C09). – In the subalpine belt (1850–2150 m: NT99; C09; TSB). On calcareous rock (C09; TSB). – Those from the Majella massif are the only records from Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); above Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2490 m: JN) belt. On calcareous soil (TSB; JN). – Those from the Majella massif are the southernmost records in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Passo S. Leonardo (C09); Lettomanoppello (C09); Passo Lanciano (C09). – From the colline (750 m: C09) to the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) belt. In open shrublands (C09) and pastures (C09). On calcareous rock (C09; TSB). – Records from Majella are the only ones from Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – Records from Majella are the only one for Abruzzo, Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of broad-leaved trees (TSB).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – In the alpine belt (2500–2700 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Below the Majelletta (T15; TSB: 2005). – In the montane belt (1350 m: T15; TSB). In a beech forest (T15; TSB). On limestone (T15; TSB). – These are the only known records for Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73). – This is a silicicolous lichen (Nimis 2016) that likely meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone.

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockahus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2635 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996; S: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000–1200 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

M. d’Ugni (JN: 2017). – In the subalpine belt (1770 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN). – The only other records of this taxon from Abruzzo come from the Gran Sasso massif (Poelt 1958; Poelt and Leuckert 1976).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Majella (C73); Bosco di Pacentro (J74); Popoli (TSB: 1986); Macchialunga (JN: 2017). – In the montane belt (1100–1249 m: TSB; JN). On bark of (JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200 m: NT99; TSB; JN). On bark of (NT99; TSB; JN).

Majella (C73); Majellone (J74); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); between Grotta Canosa and M. Amaro (JN: 2017); at two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2560 and 2620 m (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2290–2622 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

M. Morrone, Osservanza (RV96). – In the colline belt (335 m: RV96). On bark of (RV96).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2500 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2635 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Eremo di M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); between Lettomanoppello and Passo Lanciano (TSB: 2005). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1080 m: TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2420–2600 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); near Martellose (JN: 2017). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2065 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Val di Foro (JN: 2018); below Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1230 m: JN). On bark of (JN).

Majella (J74); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1420–1440 m: JN). On bark of (JN), (JN) and (JN).

Popoli (TSB: 1986); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350–1440 m). On bark of (N19; JN).

Majella (C73; J74); Popoli (TSB: 1986); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996); Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017); Palena, Fontana delle Rose (JN: 2018); Cansano (JN: 2018); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1100–1440 m: JN). On bark of (JN), (N19; JN) and (N19).

Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200 m: JN). On bark of (JN). – First record for Abruzzo and southernmost record in Italy (cf. Nimis 2016). The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “vulnerable” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Grotte di Celano (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – This is the only record for Abruzzo and peninsular Italy and the southernmost one in Europe (Nimis 2016). This is a slightly silicicolous lichen (Nimis 2016) that meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone.

Majella (C73); Valle dell’Orfento (J74). – This is a silicicolous lichen (Nimis 2016) that likely meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone.

Majella (C73); Valle dell’Orfento (J74); trail between Blockhaus and M. Focalone (TSB: 2005). – In the alpine belt (2300 m: TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Passo San Leonardo (C09); Majelletta (C09); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2635 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

At ten sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2250 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the subalpine (2250 m: JN) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On bryophytes and plant debris (JN). – New to Abruzzo. These are the only records for Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; TSB; JN) and (TSB).

Majella (C73); Majellone (J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the subalpine (1958 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On calcareous soil (TSB; JN).

At one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2662 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the only record for Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Femmina Morta (J74; JN: 2017); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2018). – From the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2669 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

M. Focalone near Bivacco Fusco (NT99; TSB: 1996); Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2500–2559 m: TSB; JN). On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1350 m: JN). On bark of (N19; JN) and (N19; JN). – The species is included in the Italian Red List of epiphytic lichens as “vulnerable” (Nascimbene et al. 2013).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Valico della Forchetta (TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1200–1360 m: NT99; TSB). On bark of (TSB).

This name, whose taxonomic value is uncertain, is applied to corticolous populations of a with the hymenial characters of (Nimis et al. 2018). In Nimis (2016) this taxon is not reported and therefore it is formally new to Italy.

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); Val di Foro (JN: 2018). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1250 m: JN) belt. On calcareous soil (TSB) and terricolous mosses (JN).

Near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); at 23 sites along the main ridge of Majella between 1990 and 2664 m (JN: 2018, 2019). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the alpine (2664 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. These are the only records for Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73; J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2016, 2018); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Val di Foro (JN: 2018); Centiata, Villaggio Mirastelle (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1350 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19; JN) and calcareous soil (TSB).

At four sites along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the subalpine (2081 m: JN) to the alpine (2300 m: JN) belt. In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2016). – In the alpine belt (2600 m: JN). On soil (JN).

Near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – In the subalpine belt (2230–2290 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. These are the only records for Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73; J74); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); Valle di Fara (JN: 2017); trail between Lama dei Peligni and Rifugio Fonte Tarì (JN: 2017). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1135 m: JN) belt. On calcareous soil (TSB) and rock (JN).

Near Martellose (JN: 2017). – In the subalpine belt (2065 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN).

Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018). – In the montane belt (1200–1250 m: JN). In dry grasslands (JN). On soil (JN).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB) and soil (TSB).

Caramanico (C09). – In the colline belt (570 m: C09). In a pasture with scattered shrubs (C09). On calcareous rock (C09).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Monti Pizzi near S. Domenico (JN: 2017). – In the montane belt (1434 m: JN). On bark of (JN).

Majella (C73). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73; J74); Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (TSB: 1996); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Sella di Grotta Canosa (JN: 2017); Rava della Vespa (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: TSB) to the alpine (2643 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN) and soil (JN).

Majella (C73; J74); near Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016); Cima dell’Altare (JN: 2017); Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); at one site along the main ridge of Majella (JN: 2019). – From the montane (1250 m: JN) to the alpine (2490 m: JN) belt. In dry grasslands (JN) and high-altitude open habitats (JN). On calcareous soil (JN).

Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – In the alpine belt (2635–2700 m: JN). On calcareous rock (JN).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – This is the only known record from Italy (Nimis 2016).

M. Focalone (C09). – In the alpine belt (2600 m: C09). On calcareous rock (C09). – This is the only record from Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017). – From the montane (1200 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2700 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – In the alpine belt (2420 m: JN). On rock (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the only record for central Italy (Nimis 2016).

Below Bivacco Fusco (JN: 2016). – In the subalpine belt (2290 m: JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the only record for peninsular Italy and the Apennines and the southernmost record in Italy (Nimis 2016).

At two sites along the main ridge of Majella between 2579 and 2634 m (JN: 2019). – In the alpine belt (2579–2634 m: JN). In high-altitude open habitats (JN). On soil (JN). – New to Abruzzo. This is the southernmost record in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Majella (J74). – This is a silicicolous lichen (Nimis 2016) that likely meets its substrate requirements in the Majella massif on flint limestone. This is the only record from Abruzzo (Nimis 2016).

Majella (C73). – Most Italian records of the genus would require accurate revision and this historical record was not confirmed recently. However, we considered it as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Bosco di Pacentro (J74). – Most Italian records of the genus would require accurate revision, and this historical record was not confirmed recently. However, we considered it as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Majella (C73). – The historical record was not confirmed recently, but is considered as reliable, since this is a widespread species (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1000 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

M. Focalone (C09); M. d’Ugni (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the subalpine (1770 m: JN) to the alpine (2635 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (C09; JN).

Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the montane (1200 m: NT99; TSB) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB).

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996). – In the subalpine belt (2150 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB). – A lichenicolous lichen occurring on .

Grotte di Celano near M. Blockhaus (NT99; TSB: 1996); Anticima Femmina Morta (JN: 2017). – From the subalpine (2150 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2420 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN). – A lichenicolous lichen occurring on . Those from Majella are the only records for Abruzzo, Apennines and peninsular Italy and the southernmost in Italy (Nimis 2016).

Roccacaramanico (NT99). – In the montane belt (1000 m: NT99). – This is a lichenicolous lichen occurring on . In Nimis and Tretiach (1999), it was reported under .

Majella (C73); M. Amaro (J74). – On bark of sp. (J74). – The historical records were not confirmed recently, but are considered as reliable, since the ecological conditions required by this species (Nimis 2016) occur within the study area.

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997); Anticima M. Acquaviva (JN: 2017); M. Macellaro (JN: 2018). – From the colline (500 m: NT99; TSB) to the alpine (2700 m: JN) belt. On calcareous rock (TSB; JN).

Hermitage of M. Morrone (NT99; TSB: 1997). – In the colline belt (500 m: NT99; TSB). On calcareous rock (TSB).

Majella (C73; J74); Roccacaramanico (NT99; TSB: 1996); Pretoro, Colle dell’Angelo (NT99; TSB: 1996); Lama dei Peligni (JN: 2017); Pescocostanzo, Bosco di S. Antonio (N19; JN: 2018); Piano Cerreto near Campo di Giove (JN: 2018); Valle di Mario (JN: 2018); along the highway Strada Statale 164 (JN: 2018). – From the colline (650 m: JN) to the montane (1420 m: JN) belt. On bark of (N19), (N19; JN), (N19; TSB; JN), (JN) and (JN).

Dubious records

Femmina Morta (J74). – This is a mainly coastal species (Nimis 2016) whose occurrence in the study area is dubious.

Majella (C73). – This is a rare species in Italy and is not reported by other sources in central-southern Apennines. The record would require confirmation.

Majella (C73); Femmina Morta (J74). – This is a critical taxon mainly growing on periodically inundated siliceous rocks (Nimis 2016) and it would need to be confirmed in the study area. This would be the only record for Abruzzo.

Valle dell’Orfento (RV96). – In the colline belt (570 m: RV96). On sandstone (RV96). This species is usually epiphytic (Nimis 2016) and therefore this record would require confirmation.

Majella (C73); Valle dell’Orfento (J74). – This is a coastal species occurring on rocks at the interface between the littoral and the mesic supralittoral belts (Nimis 2016) whose occurrence in the study area is very dubious. The record was reported by Jatta under the name A. Massal.

Majella (C73); Bosco di Pacentro (J74). – This record reported by Jatta was collected “ad terram inter muscos in sylva Pacentri”. According to Nimis (1993), old records from central-southern Italy should be referred to , since is restricted to the Alps in Italy.

Valle dell’Orfento (J74). – This is a silicicolus taxon whose occurrence in the Majella massif would be related to flint limestoine. Since this would be the only record for Abruzzo, it requires confirmation.

Discussion

This checklist provides a baseline of the lichens known to occur in the Majella National Park, highlighting the potential of this area as a hotspot of lichen biodiversity, especially from a biogeographical point of view. On one hand, the high number of regionally-new taxa discovered during our recent investigations suggests that further research is needed to reach a more exhaustive picture of the lichen biota of Abruzzo, as well as of the Majella massif. In particular, a more intensive collection in rocky and forest habitats, as well as in high elevation ranges, is likely to produce a relevant increase in the number of species.

On the other hand, the occurence of many arctic-alpine taxa (see Nimis 1997; Nimis and Tretiach 1995) that reach here their southernmost Italian or European distribution limit and the occurence of steppic chorotypes, as in the case of , confirm the phytogeographical peculiarity of this area also for lichens (see Conti et al. 2019 for vascular plants; Nimis 2016 for lichens). In the core of the Mediterranean Region, small, disjunct populations of artic-alpine taxa that are disjunct from those of the Alps are currently restricted to the highest 200 m of the Majella massif. In a global change perspective, this cold-adapted, disjunct component of the lichen biota is strongly exposed to the impact of warming conditions, as in the emblematic case of whose main local populations almost exclusively occur within islands in the Macellaro summit. The past establishment and current persistence of these cold-adapted taxa are likely related to the great extension of the high altitude area characterised by vast plateaus that may provide microrefugia (e.g. small-scale cold refugia) suitable for these small-sized organisms (Conti et al. 2019).

In addition, the epiphytic lichen biota is noteworthy, including several species of conservation concern that are Red-listed in Italy (Nascimbene et al. 2013; a national Red List is currently available only for epiphytic species). This indicates that the forests of the Majella National Park effectively contribute to the conservation of endangered epiphytic species of the Italian lichen biota. The best conserved part of the “Bosco di S. Antonio” forest is an emblematic example of this situation, hosting species sensitive to human disturbance as or rare calicioid lichens (Nascimbene et al. 2019).