A Web of Science-based scientometric analysis about mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in kidney disease from 1986 to 2020.

BACKGROUND: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is vital for the regulation of cell metabolism, growth and proliferation in the kidney. This study aims to show current research focuses and predict future trends about mTOR pathway in kidney disease by the methods of scientometric analysis.
METHODS: We referred to publications from the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection (WoSCC) Database. Carrot2, VOSviewer and CiteSpace programs were applied to evaluate the distribution and contribution of authors, institutes and countries/regions of extensive bibliographic metadata, show current research focuses and predict future trends in kidney disease's area.
RESULTS: Until July 10, 2020, there are 2,585 manuscripts about mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease in total and every manuscript is cited 27.39 times on average. The big name of course is the United States. Research hot spots include "diabetic nephropathy", "kidney transplantation", "autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease", "tuberous sclerosis complex", "renal cell carcinoma" and "autophagy". Seven key clusters are detected, including "kidney transplantation", "autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease", "renal transplantation", "renal cell carcinoma", "hamartin", "autophagy" and "tuberous sclerosis complex".
CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic nephropathy, kidney transplantation, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis complex, renal cell carcinoma and autophagy are future research hot spots by utilizing scientometric analysis. In the future, it is necessary to research these fields. 2021 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.

Introduction

The mammalian target of rapamycin is an evolutionarily-conserved serine-threonine kinase that senses and integrates various environmental factors to regulate cell growth, proliferation and metabolism. Since the discovery of rapamycin’s primary target molecular mode of action and the functional biology effect, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been recognized to permeate many areas of medicine such as obesity (1,2), type 2 diabetes (3,4), genetic disorders (5), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (6-8), neurological diseases (9-11) and insulin resistance (12). Increasing evidence indicates that mTOR pathway plays a significant role in transplantation, homeostasis, metabolism, and regeneration in the kidney (13-16). In addition, it is related to several diseases such as tuberous sclerosis complex (17), polycystic kidney disease (18), acute kidney injury (19), renal cell carcinoma (20), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (21) and glomerular disease (22).

Bibliometric is a new method for summarizing the statistical analysis of the publications in a specific discipline and subject area, and further identifying warm focus in a research field by creating information graphics. Social science and scientometric analysis use several biometric programs including VOSviewer (23), CitNetExplorer, CiteSpace (24), and HistCite. Even though considerable insights have been gained, many remain to be endeavored regarding the field of biomedicine. Schargus et al. identified the most frequently cited papers in dry eye research (25). Sugimoto et al. made an investigation of sex-related factors in medical research between 2008 and 2016 (26). Fedewa et al. investigated the effect of exercise training on C reactive protein (27). The purpose of this study is to exploit bibliometric methods in order to analyze literatures regarding mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease. We investigate the contribution of authors, institutions and countries/regions, the evolution of scientific ideas, research sub-themes, and milestone manuscripts in the specific research filed by utilizing VOSviewer, CiteSpace and other tools.

Methods

Data source and search strategy

Relevant literatures were extracted from the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection (WoSCC) Database (Clarivate Analysis, Boston, USA). We searched publications by exploiting keywords “mTOR or mammalian target of rapamycin” and “kidney” from WoSCC Database on July 10, 2020. No language restrictions were imposed. “Full record and cited references” were downloaded and raw data were transformed into TXT format which allowed for the analyzation of bibliometric tools.

Statistical analysis and presentation

Distribution and contribution of authors, institutes and countries/regions and research areas of literatures were analyzed, which was retrieved from WoSCC Database. We applied novel scientometric tools, including VOSviewer (Ludo Waltman, Leiden University of Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Netherlands), Carrot2 (Dawid Weiss, Poznan University of Technology, Poland) and CiteSpace (Chaomei Chen, Drexel University, USA) for comprehensive science mapping analysis of extensive bibliographic metadata.

CiteSpace (Version 5.6.R2 64-bit), which served as an indicator of the most active area of the scientific community research, was used to capture keywords with strong citation bursts, analyze the time trends of keywords, recognize co-cited authors/references, and develop visualization maps. Topical categories were analyzed by Carrot2. VOSviewer (Version 1.6.11) was utilized for recognizing association among journals, and constructing collaboration networks, which referred to term clustering, countries/regions/institutions/authors and quotation systems of cited authors/journals.

A total of 2,585 literatures were extracted from WoSCC Database. According to the definition of CiteSpace, visualization knowledge maps were composed of nodes and links. Different nodes in figures represent elements such as countries/regions and authors, and links between nodes indicate relationships of co-citations or collaboration/cooccurrence. And publications were analyzed to construct the cluster analysis, co-citation network, dual-map overlays, and the time zone or timeline view. We employed the process of “clustering” of CiteSpace to identify different subtopics among all articles about “mTOR in kidney disease”. VOSviewer was utilized to perform journal co-citation density analysis. And “Circles visualization” was created to excerpt significant keywords and reveal relative influence to every keyword by Carrot2.

Results

Annual publications and trend

Data is input in the flow diagram (). Based on the WoSCC, a total of 2,585 manuscripts are published. The first literature about mTOR which met the search terms was published in 1999. Only after 2005 did the articles on mTOR reach at least a double-digit number annually. And the number of publications was an ever-increasing activity per year. In the past 20 years, the proportion of mTOR pathway in the overall research of kidney showed an upward trend (). In 2019, annual literatures grew to 291 (). These papers have been cited 70,795 times and every article was averagely cited 27.39 times.

Figure 1

Scientometric analysis of mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease revealed in the flow diagram. K, scale factor; Z, z-sore, standard score of the quantity of appearances of keywords. mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.

Figure 2

Countries/regions involved in mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease research. (A) Number and percentage of publications. (B) The top 15 countries/regions with the largest publications. (C) Heat map of publications in countries/regions. (D) Average citations per paper and total citation number of top 15 countries/regions with the largest production. (E) The number of articles in 70 countries/regions. (F) The number of manuscripts in different institutions. (G) Publication number and citation per paper of top 20 most productive institutions. (H) Collaboration between institutions. mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.

Distribution and contribution of global countries/regions and institutions

Seventy countries/regions in total have published researches on mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease. It happened that one literature was published by authors from diverse countries/regions. The top 15 most productive countries/regions produced 2,860 papers (). Papers about mTOR in kidney disease originated mainly in the United States. And the number of papers in the United States was a lot higher than in the other countries/regions. The USA published 923 articles, followed by China (n=373), Germany (n=297), Italy (n=199), France (n=194), Spain (n=181), Japan (n=126), England (n=108) and Switzerland (n=94) (). According to the heat map made by VOSviewer, the USA, Germany, Italy and China had the most intense publication density ().

In order to obtain a better understanding of the contributions of each country/region to the mTOR in kidney disease and the collaborations between countries/regions, we analyzed the WoSCC Database as data. According to these data, we focused more on international collaborations, the number of citations, and the times each country/region cites the work of another. USA (n=32,984) and Germany (n=8,579) ranked top two regard to total citation numbers (). Although the USA, China, Germany, Italy and France have the highest numbers of mTOR-related publications, the average citation number per document of Switzerland and Netherlands is much higher than the other countries (). China, Japan and some European nations, such as Germany, England and Netherlands, had the largest publications concentrated between 2008 and 2010, while Italy, Poland, Canada, Switzerland and Spain are mainly published from 2013 to 2015 ().

A total of 2,882 institutions have published literatures. The citation network among these institutions was analyzed by VOSviewer program. revealed the top 10 institutions with the most publications. Among these organizations, five belong to the United State, two to Germany, two to Spain and one to France. The Harvard University mainly researched mTOR in kidney disease in 2012–2013 (). On average, papers from the University Freiburg were cited 68.16 times, which was much higher than the others ().

Table 1

The top 15 institutes ranked by the citation number of articles about mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease

Rank	Institution	Country/region	Citations	Publications	Average citation per paper
1	Harvard Univ	USA	3,244	52	62.38
2	NCI	USA	1,803	35	51.51
3	Univ Freiburg	Germany	1,704	25	68.16
4	Univ Michigan	USA	1,675	28	59.82
5	Med Univ Vienna	Austria	1,617	21	77.00
6	Univ Zurich Hosp	Switzerland	1,523	28	54.39
7	Cleveland Clin	USA	1,464	26	56.31
8	Univ Paris 05	France	1,447	36	40.19
9	Mayo Clin	USA	1,428	31	46.06
10	Charite	Germany	1,367	29	47.14
11	Inst Gustave Roussy	France	1,276	13	98.15
12	Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr	USA	1,258	34	37.00
13	Brigham & Womens Hosp	USA	1,194	39	30.62
14	Hop Necker Enfants Malad	France	1,109	24	46.21
15	Hannover Med Schm	Germany	1,073	51	21.04

TOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.

Manuscript distribution among journals

The 2,585 articles were extracted from 730 SCI-E recorded journals. The total publication number and the citation network among these journals were analyzed by VOSviewer program. The minimum number of documents of journals was set higher than 5 to visualize a map of 100 journals (). The top 20 most productive journals published 850 literatures, which was one out of three of the total publication number. The top three magazines with the most evaluated numbers of distributed articles were Transplantation Proceedings, Transplantation, and American Journal of Transplantation. Eighteen of these journals were established in the UK (n=5) and the United States (n=13) (). New England Journal of Medicine (74.699), Nature Medicine (36.13), Nature Reviews Nephrology (20.711), Annals of Oncology (18.274), and European Urology (17.947) were the top 5 journals with the highest impact factor. Since Nature had only published one related literature: termination of autophagy and reformation of lysosomes regulated by mTOR (28), even if the citation number reached 783, the VOSviewer program did not select the magazine. The same research area of journals had a tendency to be within the same cluster. The node on the graph represents a magazine and links between nodes indicate co-citation relationship with each other (). There existed three clusters in the network visualization map and items in different clusters have different colors ().

Figure 3

Citation networks and collaboration among organizations and authors. (A) The top 100 highly cited journals with network visualization. (B) The top 100 highly cited journals with citation network. (C) The co-authorship among top 70 highly cited authors. (D) The top 70 highly cited authors with network visualization. (E) The top 20 strongest citation bursts of references. (F) A co-citation network of references.

Table 2

The top 20 journals contributed to mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease ranked by citation number

Rank	Journal name	Country/region	Citations	Documents	Average citation per paper	Journal impact factor of 2019
1	Journal of the American Society of Nephrology	USA	2,882	48	60.04	9.274
2	Transplantation	USA	2,267	96	23.61	4.264
3	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	USA	2,181	17	128.29	9.412
4	Journal of Biological Chemistry	USA	1,842	31	59.42	4.238
5	American Journal of Transplantation	USA	1,737	80	21.71	7.338
6	American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology	USA	1,597	61	26.18	3.144
7	Kidney International	USA	1,514	48	31.54	8.945
8	PLoS One	USA	1,455	67	21.72	2.740
9	Cancer Research	USA	1,452	15	96.80	9.727
10	Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation	England	1,349	51	26.45	4.531
11	Human Molecular Genetics	England	1,273	22	57.86	5.100
12	Transplant International	England	1,068	68	15.71	3.177
13	Journal of Clinical Investigation	USA	1,038	14	74.14	11.864
14	Nature Medicine	England	952	7	136.00	36.130
15	New England Journal of Medicine	England	940	9	104.44	74.699
16	Biochemical Journal	England	855	6	142.50	4.097
17	Transplantation Proceedings	USA	820	98	8.37	0.784
18	Nature Reviews Nephrology	England	570	14	40.71	20.711
19	Faseb Journal	USA	560	14	40.00	4.966
20	Transplantation Reviews	England	489	15	32.60	3.262

Review of milestone authors and literatures

A total of 14,045 researchers had published the 2,585 manuscripts and the number of authors every paper on average was 5.43. We used CiteSpace and VOSviewer to analyze co-authorship and citation network among authors and to reveal the most highly cited researchers and collaboration among researchers. “Key researcher” was referred to as someone whose literatures had been cited more than 500 times (global citation score >500). The nodes indicated different researchers. Lines between nodes represented the cooperation between authors, and the size of the node showed the number of papers published by the author (). Linehan WM, Schmidt LS, Sommerer C, Kasinath BS, Aburatani H and Baba M made outstanding contributions to the research of mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease. Linehan WM published 24 papers in this research area. Linehan WM, Schmidt LS and Huber TB, who can be considered as the leaders of this research area, each received over 1,000 citations. Linehan WM and Aburatani H collaborated on many articles, but their cooperation with Kwiatkowski DJ was not as frequent (). The 2,585 literatures about mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease also cited each other or a few other studies in their references. We utilized CiteSpace to analyze 71,544 references of their compositions and produce the top 20 strongest citation bursts and a streamlined co-citation network (). The figure for citations of these publications suddenly boosted during a span of time, which revealed the rapid acceptance and spreading in specific ground of research and occupied very important positions in the knowledge frame.

Keywords and MeSH terms visualization

The occurrence frequency and time trend of keywords and MeSH terms were visualized by the program of CiteSpace and VOSviewer. In order to extract key concepts of the mTOR in kidney disease, we used the Carrot2 system to analyze major topics. There were top 6 keywords in the red frame, which represented the highest rate of occurrence with “Recipients Transplanted”, “Investigated the Effects of mTOR”, “Akt Expression”, “Target Genes”, “Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling” and “Therapy to a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin” (). On the basis of CiteSpace, the co-citation network was segmented into different diverse clusters from the titles of the cited articles (). Network visualization of keywords and clustering survey of mTOR were based on VOSviewer program ().

Figure 4

The visualization of keywords and MeSH terms. (A) The keywords analysis for the mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease. (B) The clustering analysis of co-citation network for the mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease. (C) The network visualization of keywords. (D) Heat map of keywords.

The software of CiteSpace was utilized to analyze time zone view and timeline view of mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease co-citation network. The time of publication was revealed at the top of the view. The figure for nodes in a horizontal line represented the importance of study field and the link between nodes reflected citing. The timeline view also showed the occurrence, popularity, and decline of research subjects in the most typical publications. Meanwhile, clusters reflected the temporal characteristics of the research areas in timeline view. The development of cluster 10 (binding protein) showed the early exploration of the mTOR pathway in kidney research focusing on binding protein, which occurred earliest. Cluster 0 (kidney transplantation), cluster 1 (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease), cluster 4 (renal cell carcinoma), cluster 5 (diabetic nephropathy), cluster 7 (renal angiomyolipoma) and cluster 13 (non-glycemic diseases) were current research frontiers and focuses (). The analysis results of keywords timeline revealed calcineurin inhibitor, diabetic nephropathy, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and tuberous sclerosis complex (). Current research focuses on mechanism and complications of kidney disease. The time zone view of cluster nodes illustrated when the co-citation network cited publications, which could clearly demonstrate the research progress over time as well (). And the central connection between time zones revealed the extent of which message was missing or message was acknowledged so as to stimulate revelations and promote investigations. If there were more literatures in a time zone visualization, it would be a significant period ().

Figure 5

Time zone view of cluster nodes and timeline visualization of keywords and MeSH terms. (A) The visualization of term timeline from 1986 to 2020. (B) The visualization of keywords timeline from 1986 to 2020. (C) The visualization of time zone view of cluster nodes. (D) Dual-map overlays of publications about mTOR in kidney disease.

Dual-map analysis was utilized to indicate generate scientific connections and contributions. The citing outline is on the left half and the cited outline is on the right half. The quotation association line in trajectory from one region to another would illustrate comprehension of inter-specialty relationships, thereby driving connections and knowledge of different research fields ().

Discussion

Different from traditional reviews, bibliometric analysis can systematically process the manuscripts in related research areas in order to get more intuitive and clear results. For new researchers to specific areas, it can be helpful to follow the current study focuses and overall trends and reveal landmark literatures in the field. Furthermore, it is easy and user-friendly to operate current bibliometrics analysis software. In current research, we presented a bibliometric analysis regarding the mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease.

On the basis of the results, a total of 2,585 literatures with 71,544 references were extracted from WoSCC. The figure for manuscripts is increasing per year. Although the mTOR signaling pathway is a branch of the overall research of kidney, its research trend is has gradually increased recently (). The USA, China, and Germany are more prominent in this field, accounting for 55.7% of the publications. Five of the top 20 most productive institutions are in the United States (), which shows that the quality of literatures published by American institutions is higher. Research institutions, such as Harvard University (), are relatively mature in this specific area and can be regarded as a significant institution for learning and further collaboration. These results indicate that the USA occupies its leading position in mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease, mainly reflecting in international collaborations, total citations and publication numbers. Notably, compared with Germany and England, publications of other European countries such as Italy and Switzerland, have increased dramatically after 2014, revealing that more developed countries/regions will devote to further investigation in this area ().

Journals in the same cluster possess the same area of research. Using the function of VOSviewer software, we divided the top 100 journals into three clusters (). Based on CiteSpace, the entire research fields were detected and divided fourteen subsets and the largest seven clusters are on display in , including cluster 0 “kidney transplantation”, cluster 1 “autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease”, cluster 2 “renal transplantation”, cluster 3 “renal cell carcinoma”, cluster 4 “hamartin”, cluster 5 “autophagy” and cluster 6 “tuberous sclerosis complex”. Cluster 3 “renal cell carcinoma” indicate that mTOR is significant in the research of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the antiproliferative property of mTOR inhibitors may suppress tumor growth. RCC ranks seventh and ninth among men and women, respectively, and numbers of new cancer cases will be increased in the future (29). Surgical resection is the main method for the treatment of tumors that are confined to the kidney. About one third of patients have distant metastasis, and most cases are incurable. Interferon is widely used in translocation renal cell carcinoma, but its efficacy and tolerance are limited. Therefore, new therapeutic targets of mTOR come into focus (30,31). We used CiteSpace to carry out co-citation analysis and determined several milestone literatures (). For example, Linehan WM revealed the genetic basis of RCC and the role of mTOR pathway in its pathogenesis (32). Hudes et al. also assessed temsirolimus a mTOR inhibitor for RCC (33). Serra et al. evaluated sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (34). The work by Laplante et al. has the biggest citation burst (): mTOR signaling in growth control and disease (4). Shillingford et al. elaborated that the mTOR pathway inhibition could reverse renal cystogenesis in polycystic kidney disease (35). The manuscript was included in cluster 1 “autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease” and cluster 5 “autophagy”.

Readers can authoritatively recognize the mechanism of mTOR in kidney transplantation, kidney cancer and renal tuberous sclerosis complex, and their treatment of kidney disease through these milestone manuscripts. According to , the development of the mTOR in kidney disease over specific time is showed clearly. Calcineurin inhibitor is a research hotspot and researches have illustrated the comparison of calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors to treat kidney disease (13,36,37). In addition, the research of the mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease might begin related to mTOR (38-40). We utilized VOSviewer and Carrot2 to recognize keywords of importance (). Among the hotpots in , there are multiple names of drugs, such as rapamycin, sirolimus and everolimus and so on. In 1999, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the marketing of rapamycin as a new treatment option to prevent organ rejection in renal transplant recipients (41). Therefore, research on rapamycin is mainly concentrated around 2000 (). In March 2010, everolimus has obtained the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency approval for the treatment of advanced RCC and renal transplantation (42). And thus, the research of everolimus and renal transplantation mostly focused on 2010 (). We analyzed time trends of keywords by CiteSpace (). Diabetic nephropathy, kidney transplantation, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis complex, renal cell carcinoma and autophagy might be research focuses over the next few years.

According to dual-map overlays (), the citation trajectory tells us that medicine and biology are the dominant regions of mTOR signaling pathway in kidney disease, and mTOR has a little relation with other disciplines. Chiew et al. have portrayed a three-dimensional platform by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based caspase-3 sensor to detect the apoptotic capability of mTOR inhibitors (43). With further research about the mTOR signaling in kidney disease, other subjects will eventually be involved. However, this study has some limitations, which must be considered when analyzing the results of researches. Firstly, the literatures are only extracted from WoSCC Database, which could result in incomplete document retrieval. Secondly, we have detected some clusters, such as liver hemangioma and colonic epithelial cell, which are not closely related to kidney disease.

Conclusions

Future research hotspots will embody in diabetic nephropathy, kidney transplantation, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis complex, renal cell carcinoma and autophagy. Based on various scientific methods, it can provide future research direction for those who are new to enter this area.

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