Literature DB >> 33850419

A contribution towards checklist of fungus gnats (Diptera, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Bolitophilidae, Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae) in Georgia, Transcaucasia.

Olavi Kurina1.   

Abstract

The fungus gnats of Georgia are studied based on 2682 specimens collected from 57 localities during 2011-2019. Altogether, 245 species are recorded including four species of Bolitophilidae, three species of Diadocidiidae, two species of Ditomyiidae, 34 species of Keroplatidae and 202 species of Mycetophilidae. 230 and 188 species are recorded from Georgia and the whole of Transcaucasia for the first time, respectively. Three new species - Sciophila georgei sp. nov., Leia katae sp. nov. and Anatella metae sp. nov. - are described including detailed illustrations of the male terminalia. Photographs are provided for an additional 38 species to highlight a variability of their general facies. Combined with earlier published data, the number of fungus gnat species in Georgia is set at 246. The estimated diversity of fungus gnats in Georgia is calculated using non-parametric methods and discussed with respect to other Western Palaearctic regions. Olavi Kurina.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Sciaroidea ; Fungus gnats; Georgia; Transcaucasia; new species; species diversity; taxonomy

Year:  2021        PMID： 33850419      PMCID： PMC8018941          DOI： 10.3897/zookeys.1026.63749

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zookeys        ISSN： 1313-2970            Impact factor:   1.546


Introduction

The last decades can be characterized by an upturn of systematics, taxonomy and biodiversity studies (e.g. Padial et al. 2010; Kõljalg et al. 2020; Wheeler 2020). That is also true in the case of the insects order (e.g. Wiegmann et al. 2011; Kirk-Spriggs and Sinclair 2017; Borkent et al. 2018) including the superfamily (e.g. Kjaerandsen et al. 2007; Borkent and Wheeler 2012; Ševčík et al. 2013; Fitzgerald and Kerr 2014). Seven families and a insertae sedis group are included in (Ševčík et al. 2016; Mantič et al. 2020), whereas five of them, viz. , , , and are conjoined under a common name ‘fungus gnats’. Today, more than 5,500 species of fungus gnats are known globally (Evenhuis and Pape 2021; Fungus Gnats Online Authors 2021), however, their actual diversity is insufficiently known, especially in tropical regions of the world. As expected, the group is best studied in Europe with about 1,200 named species (Chandler 2013) yielded by more than 200 years of studies pioneered by the “father” of dipterology J.W. Meigen (e.g. Meigen 1804, 1818). Nevertheless, even in Europe, new species are described annually and e.g. in Nordic countries nearly 120 new species are waiting to be described (Kjærandsen and Søli 2020). While fungus gnats are mostly forest dwellers preferring shady and humid habitats, some species are also recorded from more open landscapes (Falk and Chandler 2005). They are small to medium size nematocerous flies with a humpbacked habitus, prominent coxae and hyaline or patterned wings (see e.g. Figs 8, 9). The trophic strategy of fungus gnats is diverse: the majority of the known associations are those with fungal fruiting bodies or mycelium-penetrated forest litter including decaying wood but several species develop in other terrestrial habitats and/or can also be sporophagous or predators in the larval stage (e.g. Matile 1997; Ševčík 2010; Jakovlev 2012; Põldmaa et al. 2016; Mantič et al. 2020).
Figure 8.

Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the families (A), (B–F) and (G) A (Meigen, 1830) B Dalman, 1818 C Winnertz, 1846 D (Zetterstedt, 1855) E Matile & Burghele-Balacesco, 1969 F Meigen, 1830 G Tollet, 1948.

Figure 9.

Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the families (A), (B) and (C–I) A (Mayer, 1951) B Kurina & Jürgenstein, 2013 C (Meigen, 1818) D (Walker, 1837) E (Staeger, 1840) F Zaitzev, 1984 G (Meigen, 1818) H Okada, 1939 I (Meigen, 1818).

Transcaucasia, the area southwards from the Greater Caucasus Mountains that includes the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, is considered one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world, with a remarkable number of endemic species (Myers et al. 2000). However, limited attention has been paid to the biodiversity research in the area so far (Mumladze et al. 2020) and most organism groups, including and fungus gnats in particular, are rather superficially studied. There are 33 species of fungus gnats recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994, 2003; Zaitzev and Ševčík 2003) and seven species from Armenia (Joost and Plassmann 1985, Zaitzev 1994). From Georgia, only one species was known (Zaitzev 1994) prior to Kurina and Jürgenstein (2013) who described two new Costa () species from Marelisi, NW of Borjomi. Later on, Jürgenstein et al. (2015), Kurina et al. (2015), Kurina (2018), Thormann et al. (2019) and Ševčík et al. (2020) provided data on another twelve species and the number of fungus gnat species from Georgia is currently set at 15. Furthermore, an additional 24 fungus gnat species have been listed to occur in Transcaucasia but without a specified region (Zaitzev 1994, 2003). Concerning neighbouring areas, 91 species of fungus gnats are recorded from the northern slopes of the Great Caucasus ridge, most of them from the surroundings of Mt Elbrus (Joost and Plassmann 1976, 1979, 1985, 1992, Plassmann 1976). During the last decade, a considerable amount of fungus gnat material from Georgia has accumulated in the author’s possession. The aim of the current contribution is to provide results of the study based on that material along with summarising all available published information on Georgian fungus gnats.

Material and methods

The material was collected from 2011 to 2019 using different methods in the course of 61 collecting events from 57 localities in Georgia (Table 1, Fig. 1). The majority of the material was collected sweeping during three expeditions by the author in May of 2012 and 2013 and August-September 2014. Additional material from Malaise trap samples is included from the provinces Samegrelo-Zemo-Svanethi, Imereti and Kaheti; a sporadic material as a by-product of light trap collecting is also included (Table 1). The collecting localities (see Fig. 2 for examples) varied from more open landscape in Vardzia (Table 1: SJ-10) to highly forested mountain areas in Kintrishi (Table 1: A-5–8), Mtirala (Table 1: A-1–4) and Borjomi-Kharagauli (Table 1: I-5–17) National Parks, and subalpine areas in the surroundings of Stepantsminda (Table 1: MM-1–6), Bakuriani (Table 1: SJ-6–7) and Ushguli (Table 1: SZS-2–3).
Table 1.

Collecting data of fungus gnats in Georgia arranged by administrative regions of the country. Codes for the collecting events are used on the Figure 1 and within the list of species. The asterisk (*) indicates collecting with a Malaise trap for which the exact collecting dates are provided in the text.

RegionLocalityCoordinatesAltitute (m)Collecting date(s)Collecting methodCollectorCode
Samegrelo-Zemo SvanethiMestia 43°02.97'N, 42°44.72'E 150028.vii.2017light trapO. KurinaSZS-1
Chvabiani 43°02.47'N, 42°51.03'E 163029.vii.2017light trapO. KurinaSZS-2
S of Lakhushdi, meadow 42°59.93'N, 42°39.02'E 127013–14.vi.2019Malaise trapX. MengualSZS-3
near Ushguli, path to glacier 42°56.62'N, 43°03.23'E 222015–17.vi.2019Malaise trapX. MengualSZS-4
AdjaraMtirala NP, visitor centre 41°40.65'N, 41°51.30'E 24019.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaA-1
Mtirala NP, visitor centre 41°40.65'N, 41°51.33'E 23019.v.2013at lightO. KurinaA-2
Mtirala NP, visitor centre 41°40.35'N, 41°52.53'E 27020.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaA-3
Mtirala NP, visitor centre 41°40.91'N, 41°50.70'E 22020.v.2013at lightO. KurinaA-4
Kintrishi NP 41°45.76'N, 41°58.67'E 32021.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaA-5
Kintrishi NP 41°45.76'N, 41°58.67'E 32021.v.2013at lightO. KurinaA-6
Kintrishi NP 41°45.20'N, 41°58.63'E 45022.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaA-7
Kintrishi NP 41°46.40'N, 41°58.08'E 46022.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaA-8
ImeretiChiatura 42°17.00'N, 43°17.00'E 48017.v.2011light trapU. JüriveteI-1
Tshunkuri 42°24.00'N, 42°35.00'E 23020.v.2011light trapU. JüriveteI-2
Patara Vardzia, W of Kharagauli 42°0.55'N, 43°04.62'E 740v-x.2013*Malaise trapO. KurinaI-3
Patara Vardzia, W of Kharagauli 42°01.32'N, 43°11.10'E 37018.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaI-4
Marelisi 41°57.07'N, 43°17.02'E 43018.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaI-5
Marelisi 41°57.93'N, 43°17.35'E 41019.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaI-6
Marelisi, on road to railway station 41°58.02'N, 43°17.35'E 44019.v.2012at lightO. KurinaI-7
Marelisi 41°57.00'N, 43°17.00'E 46020.v.2012indoorsO. KurinaI-8
Marelisi, on path to hill 41°56.38'N, 43°16.62'E 69020.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaI-9
Marelisi 41°56.80'N, 43°17.05'E 45020.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaI-10
Marelisi 41°58.02'N, 43°17.38'E 40017.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaI-11
Marelisi 41°56.28'N, 43°16.98'E 46017.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaI-12
Marelisi 42°56.46'N, 43°17.05'E 46018.v.2013al lightO. KurinaI-13
Marelisi 41°56.28'N, 43°16.98'E 46029.viii.2014sweepingO. KurinaI-14
Marelisi 41°56.38'N, 43°16.47'E 76030.viii.2014sweepingO. KurinaI-15
Marelisi, close to railway station 41°58.23'N, 43°18.65'E 40020.v.2012al lightO. KurinaI-16
Marelisi, close to railway station 41°58.14'N, 43°18.63'E 41023.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaI-17
Shida-KartliW of Surami 42°01.57'N, 43°29.88'E 94018.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaSK-1
Samtskhe-Javakhetiroad from Abastumani to Saime, near river 41°46.63'N, 42°50.23'E 137010–11.vi.2019Malaise trapX. MengualSJ-1
road from Abastumani to Saime 41°47.82'N, 42°50.63'E 173010–11.vi.2019Malaise trapX. MengualSJ-2
Borjomi 3 km--W, Likani 41°50.15'N, 43°19.95'E 94021.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaSJ-3
Borjomi 3.5 km--W, Likani 41°50.11'N, 43°19.92'E 95031.viii.2014sweepingO. KurinaSJ-4
Bakuriani 2 km--NW 41°45.77'N, 43°30.28'E 163031.viii.2014sweepingO. KurinaSJ-5
Bakuriani 5 km--S, road from Bakuriani to Tabatskuri 41°42.33'N, 43°30.13'E 21201.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaSJ-6
Bakuriani 3 km--SW, road from Bakuriani to Tabatskuri 41°43.33'N, 43°29.87'E 18701.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaSJ-7
Bakuriani 1 km--SW, road from Bakuriani to Tabatskuri 41°44.22'N, 43°30.75'E 17401.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaSJ-8
Bakuriani 2 km--NW 41°45.77'N, 43°30.28'E 16301.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaSJ-9
Vardzia, near Tirebi guesthouse 41°24.17'N, 43°19.23'E 126022.v.2012at lightO. KurinaSJ-10
Mtskhetha-MthianethiStephantsminda 42°39.28'N, 44°39.28'E 187015.v.2012at lightO. KurinaMM-1
Stephantsminda, road to Gegriti Trinity Church 42°39.77'N, 44°37.50'E 198016.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaMM-2
Gvelethi NW of Stepantsminda 42°42.28'N, 44°37.27'E 164016.v.2012at lightO. KurinaMM-3
Gvelethi NW of Stepantsminda, surroundings of lake 42°43.37'N, 44°37.12'E 152017.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaMM-4
Gvelethi NW of Stepantsminda, surroundings of waterfall 42°42.23'N, 44°37.20'E 157017.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaMM-5
Stephantsminda, road to Gegriti Trinity Church 42°40.02'N, 44°37.15'E 209017.v.2012at lightO. KurinaMM-6
Gudauri 42°26.23'N, 44°29.95'E 17808.vii.2019light trapA. SelinMM-7
Dgnali 42°13.43'N, 44°40.02'E 91015.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaMM-8
Mtskhetha-MthianethiZaridzeebi 42°42.08'N, 44°54.00'E 87022.v.2011light trapU. JüriveteMM-9
Saguramo 41°54.00'N, 44°46.00'E 60016.v.2011light trapU. JüriveteMM-10
Saguramo 41°53.07'N, 44°46.78'E 92015.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaMM-11
Saguramo 41°53.07'N, 44°46.78'E 92015.v.2013sweepingO. KurinaMM-12
Saguramo 41°53.07'N, 44°46.78'E 92028.viii.2014sweepingO. KurinaMM-13
Saguramo 41°53.13'N, 44°46.73'E 8904.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaMM-14
Kvemo KartliManglisi 6 km–S 41°39.89'N, 44°23.10'E 119023.v.2012sweepingO. KurinaKK-1
KakhetiDzveli Shuamta W of Telavi 41°54.60'N, 45°24.33'E 10002.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaK-1
Gurgeniani, W of Lagotekhi 41°52.67'N, 46°14.55'E 6303.ix.2014sweepingO. KurinaK-2
Matsimi near Lagotekhi 41°48.55'N, 46°18.73'E 4403.ix.2014at lightO. KurinaK-3
Lagodekhi NR, near administration building 41°50.50'N, 46°16.98'E 56028.v–9.vi.2011Malaise trapG. JaposhviliK-4
Lagodekhi NR, Matsimi river gorge 41°47.75'N, 46°17.12'E 35017–27.v.2011Malaise trapG. JaposhviliK-5
Lagodekhi NR (Malaise trap #3)unavailable15–25.vi.2014Malaise trapG. JaposhviliK-6
Figure 1.

Collecting localities in Georgia. The codes are those used in Table 1.

Figure 2.

A gallery of collecting localities in Georgia. For codes see Table 1A Mestia (SZS-1) B Mtirala NP (A-1) C Kintrishi NP (A-5) D Marelisi (I-12) E Bakurjani (SJ-6) F Lagotekhi (K-3) G Vardzia (SJ-10) H Gvelethi near Stepantsminda (MM-5) I Dgnali (MM-8).

Collecting data of fungus gnats in Georgia arranged by administrative regions of the country. Codes for the collecting events are used on the Figure 1 and within the list of species. The asterisk (*) indicates collecting with a Malaise trap for which the exact collecting dates are provided in the text. Collecting localities in Georgia. The codes are those used in Table 1. The vast majority of the material was initially preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol where most of it is also stored after determination. Every species per locality is arranged in a separate glass vial equipped with collecting and determination labels. Some specimens were double pinned directly after collecting, whereas part of the initially alcohol-preserved specimens were mounted using the method described by Vockeroth (1966) and double pinned thereafter. The majority of the material was determined directly in alcohol as that also allowed observation of the terminalia. However, in a number of cases a more detailed study of male terminalia proved to be unavoidable. For that, terminalia were detached and treated with about 10% warm potassium hydroxide followed by neutralization with acetic acid and washing with distilled water. Terminalia were studied in glycerine and stored as glycerine preparations in small plastic vials attached to the rest of the specimen (see also Kurina 2008a). A gallery of collecting localities in Georgia. For codes see Table 1A Mestia (SZS-1) B Mtirala NP (A-1) C Kintrishi NP (A-5) D Marelisi (I-12) E Bakurjani (SJ-6) F Lagotekhi (K-3) G Vardzia (SJ-10) H Gvelethi near Stepantsminda (MM-5) I Dgnali (MM-8). Illustrations of the terminalia were prepared using a U-DA drawing tube attached to a compound microscope Olympus CX31. The digital images of the general habitus and terminalia were combined using the software LAS V.4.1.0. from multiple gradually focused images taken by a Leica DFC 450 camera attached to a Leica 205C stereomicroscope (see also Jürgenstein et al. 2015). Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used for editing the figures and compiling the plates. The morphological terminology follows Søli (1997, 2017) and that of the male terminalia is explained in Figs 4–7. The estimated species richness according to different non-parametric methods (Fig. 14) is calculated using the software EstimateS, Version 9.1.0. (Colwell 2013).
Figure 4.

sp. nov., male terminalia A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view D apical part of tergite IX, dorsal view E dorsal view, tergite IX removed F aedeagal complex, dorsal view G gonostylus, internal view H gonostylus, posterior view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, cer = cercus, gc = gonocoxite, gc ap = gonocoxal apodeme, gst lbr = lateral branch of gonostylus, gst mbr = medial branch of gonostylus, gst sibr = small internal branch of gonostylus, par = paramere, tg 9 = tergite IX. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 7.

sp. nov. male terminalia A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view, cerci and tergite IX removed D lateral view E cerci and tergite IX, dorsal view F, G gonostylus, internal views from different angles. Abbreviations: aed complex – aedeagal complex, cer = cercus, gc = gonocoxite, gc ap = gonocoxal apodeme, gst dbr = dorsal branch of gonostylus, gst ibr = internal branch of gonostylus, gst mbr = medial branch of gonostylus, gst vbr = ventral branch of gonostylus, tg 9 = tergite IX. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 14.

Species accumulation curves (EstimateS, Vesrion 9.1.0.). Three nonparametric estimators (Chao 2, Jackknife 2 and Bootstrap) of total species richness are calculated. S(est) is the cumulative number of species observed.

The material is deposited in the following collections: Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences (former Institute of Zoology and Botany), Tartu, Estonia; Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. The majority of the studied specimens are deposited in IZBE which is not repeated in the species list for every specimen. However, the material collected by X. Mengual (Bonn, Germany) in 2019 is divided between three institutions and the depository is specified in listed material sections below.

Results

Altogether, 2682 studied specimens were identified to 245 different species, viz. four species of , three species of , two species of , 34 species of and 202 species of including three species described as new to science. One additional species of was included from the literature data (Zaitzev 1994). Moreover, six additional putatively new species were recorded, all represented by singletons, some of them of poor quality. Description of these species is deferred pending additional material to be collected. These six species are not included in the species list but are considered in the species richness calculations and distribution analysis (see Discussion). 230 and 188 species are recorded from Georgia and the whole Transcaucasia for the first time, respectively. In the species list, all available literature sources are cited for the species recorded earlier in Georgia and/or in Transcaucasia generally. The studied material is listed, using abbreviations of collecting events provided in Table 1, followed by total number of studied specimens. Distribution in Georgia is given by administrative provinces and the general distribution by zoogeographical regions or subregions. The latter is provided according to Chandler (2013) and subsequent published information available. Some remarks on distribution and/or taxonomy are included for species of special interest. To illustrate the diverse habitus of recorded fungus gnat species a gallery of photographs is provided (Figs 8, 9, 11, 12). In the list of species, the classification follows Fungus Gnats Online (http://www.sciaroidea.info/) except in two cases. Firsty, the subfamily Platyurinae of is used according to Mantič et al. (2020). Secondy, Winnertz, 1863 is reinstated to the generic status from a subgenus of Winnertz, 1863 in accordance with a thorough study by Magnussen (2020); this opinion is also implemented in the recent checklist of fungus gnats of Norway by Kjærandsen and Søli (2020).
Figure 11.

Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the family A (Meigen, 1818) B Meigen, 1818 C (Meigen, 1818) D Chandler, 2001 E Lundström, 1913 F (Strobl, 1910) G Lehmann, 1822 H (Curtis, 1837) I (Staeger, 1840) J Strobl, 1893 K (Winnertz, 1846).

Figure 12.

Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the family A (Meigen, 1830) B Winnertz, 1863 C (Staeger, 1840) D Edwards, 1925 E Dziedzicki, 1923 F Strobl, 1895 G (Perris, 1849) H Winnertz, 1863 I Edwards, 1925 J (Wiedemann, 1817) K (Walker, 1848).

The new species

sp. nov.

B92821CC-8394-5DDE-8E2F-3199603BAFBC http://zoobank.org/D9E0ED72-E487-480C-A89F-4E6DDD98C406 Figs 3A , 4A–G
Figure 3.

Habitus photos of new species A sp. nov., paratype B sp. nov., paratype C sp. nov., holotype, terminalia detached. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Type material.

Male, Georgia, Kakheti, Lagotekhi NR, Matsimi river gorge, , 350 m a.s.l., 17–27.v.2011, Malaise trap, leg. G. Japoshvili [see Table 1: K-5] (mounted from alcohol, IZBE). Male, same as holotype (mounted from alcohol, IZBE).

Diagnosis.

sp. nov. can be distinguished by combination of the characters of the male terminalia as follows: lateral branch of gonostylus ventrally with two apical spine-like setae, small internal branch of gonostylus with one spine-like seta, tergite 9 large with medially rising apical margin that bears two large and simple setae, parameres straight and long, extending over tergite 9 apically, aedeagus small, star-shaped.

Description.

Male. Body length 2.7–2.8 mm (n = 2). Head with vertex and frons dark brown, face and clypeus brown and mouthparts including palpus pale yellow. Scape and pedicel yellow. First three or four flagellomeres yellowish, rest of flagellomeres light brown. Scutum entirely dark brown, antepronotum and proepisternum yellowish, anepisternum, anepimeron and katepisternum light brown, laterotergite and mediotergite brown, scutellum brown. Thoracic setae all yellowish. Wing hyaline, all veins brown including radial veins somewhat darker. Halter with stem and knob pale yellow. All coxae, femora and tibiae yellow, tarsi yellow but seem darker because of dense brown setae. Tibial setae brown, spurs yellowish. Abdomen with tergites light brown, 1–3 tergites somewhat lighter, all sternites yellowish. Abdominal vestiture yellow. Terminalia brown. Ocelli in a shallow triangular arrangement. Medial somewhat smaller than laterals. Frontal furrow complete. Clypeus subrounded, about as long as broad. Fourth flagellar segment about as long as wide, apical flagellar segment 2.25 times as long as wide basally. Flagellar segments with dense yellowish short setae. Scutum covered with short setae, with marginal and prescutellar setae stronger. Antepronotum with 8–9 setae. Proepisternum with 6–7 setae. Anepisternum with 5–6 setae on upper part, katepisternum and anepimeron non-setose. Laterotergite with 7–9 setae on posterior half. Mediotergite with 10–15 setae on lower part. Metepisternum with setulae. Scutellum with setulae and marginal setae not arranged in pairs. Length 2.5–2.8 mm, length to width 2.4–2.7. Wing membrane uniformly covered with micro- and macrothichia. All veins setose, except sc-r, Rs, R. Costa reaches about one fifth from R to M. Sc ending on C before level of furcation of posterior fork. Sc-r located slightly before Rs. r-m about two times as long as m-stem. M basally very faint or shortly interrupted at base. Ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.83–0.93; 0.89–0.97; 0.84–0.92. Ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.26; 1.42–1.65; 1.33–1.37. Fore tibia with a spur 2.29–2.81 times of tibial maximum width. Mid tibia with anterior spur 3.08–3.15 times and posterior spur 3.42–3.69 times of tibial maximum width. Hind tibia with anterior spur 2.50–2.60 times and posterior spur 3.47–3.57 times of tibial maximum width. (Fig. 4A–G). Gonocoxites fused for short distance ventrobasally forming medial triangular lobe with medial more sclerotized longitudinal ridge internally. Ventromedial margin of gonocoxite with a membranous flange drawn medially out into digitate apically hooked lobe. Gonocoxite covered with uniform setae except non-setose lateroapical and dorsomedial marginal areas. Dorsoposterior margin of gonocoxite with two prominent medially directed setae. Gonocoxal apodeme anteriorly enlarged, shoe-shaped, well discernible in dorsal view. Tergite 9 large, slightly convergent posteriorly, extending over gonocoxites, subapically constricted with two prominent simple setae apically, apical margin medially rising. Parameres long and straight, apically slightly widening, extending over tergite 9 apically. Aedeagus small, star-shaped, medially with posteriorly projecting digitate process. Lateral branch of the gonostylus laterally setose with aggregation of spine like setae along posterior margin; ventral part extended with two prominent apical spine-like setae. Medial branch of gonostylus with 25–30 furcated megasetae. Small internal branch of gonostylus with one prominent medially directed seta. Habitus photos of new species A sp. nov., paratype B sp. nov., paratype C sp. nov., holotype, terminalia detached. Scale bars: 1 mm. Female. Unknown.

Etymology.

The species is named in honour of Prof. George Japoshvili (Tbilisi, Georgia) in recognition of his contribution to study of the insects’ diversity in Georgia and his invaluable help in collecting the fungus gnat material that underlies the current communication. He was also the collector of the type material of this species. sp. nov., male terminalia A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view D apical part of tergite IX, dorsal view E dorsal view, tergite IX removed F aedeagal complex, dorsal view G gonostylus, internal view H gonostylus, posterior view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, cer = cercus, gc = gonocoxite, gc ap = gonocoxal apodeme, gst lbr = lateral branch of gonostylus, gst mbr = medial branch of gonostylus, gst sibr = small internal branch of gonostylus, par = paramere, tg 9 = tergite IX. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Remarks.

More than 190 species of Meigen are known wordwide (Kurina 2020a, Taber 2021); the most comprehensive key to the Holarctic species is still that by Zaitzev (1982). Fortunately, all subsequently described species are supplemented with appropriate illustrations of the male terminalia (e.g. Polevoi 2001; Salmela and Kolcsár 2017; Taber 2021) that provides an adequate compendium of the morphological distinctions. Following the key by Zaitzev (1982), the new species runs to couplet 31 because of (1) wing with both macro- and microtrichia, (2) gonostylus without additional branches, (3) lateral branch of the gonostylus with two large setae ventroapically, (4) small internal branch of the gonostylus with one large seta, and (5) gonocoxites dorsoapically without protruding appendages. However, sp. nov. differs from the species included in this couplet by details in the male terminalia. Notably, by the characters of tergite 9 (large, posteriorly convergent, extends over gonocoxites, bears two prominent simple setae apically, apical margin medially rising) and parameres (long, straight, extending over tergite 9 apically). 69C08F18-98A3-5FC4-B902-31C0E6026560 http://zoobank.org/FDD299DF-4281-4DD0-9BAC-8B6050D98226 Figs 3C, D , 5A–D , 6A–C
Figure 5.

sp. nov., male terminalia A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view D gonocoxite and gonostylus, ventral view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, cer = cercus, ejap = ejaculatory apodeme, gc = gonocoxite, gc vmp = ventromedial process of gonocoxite, gc vpp = ventroposterior process of gonocoxite, gst lp = lateral prong of gonostylus, gst mp = medial prong of gonostylus, hyp = hypoproct, par = paramere, tg 9 = tergite IX. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 6.

sp. nov., male terminalia A aedeagal complex, ventral view B aedeagal complex, lateral view C hypoproct ventral view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, ejap = ejaculatory apodeme, par = paramere. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Male, Georgia, Shida-Kartli, W of Surami, , 940 m a.s.l., 18.v.2013, sweeping, leg. O. Kurina [see Table 1: SK-1] (mounted from alcohol, IZBE). Male, GEORGIA, Samegrelo-Zemo-Svanethi, near Ushguli, path to glacier, , 2220 m a.s.l., 15–17.vi.2019, Malaise trap, leg. X. Mengual [see Table 1: SZS-4] (in alcohol, ZFMK) sp. nov. can be distinguished by the combination of characters as follows: thorax bicolored (scutum yellow, with brown longitudinal stripes; katepisternum with lower half brown), wing tinged yellowish, with faint preapical brownish band, male terminalia with bipartite gonostylus (lateral prong shorter, convolute and apically hooked; medial prong longer, tapering with preapical small tooth at ventral margin). Male. Body length 6.7–6.9 mm (n = 2). Head with vertex brown, frons yellow, face, clypeus and mouthparts including palpus pale yellow. Scape and pedicel pale yellow. First two flagellomeres yellowish, flagellomeres 3–14 brown. Thorax bicoloured: scutum yellow with three brown longitudinal stripes, which are posteriorly completely fused, lateral stripes begin at a distance of one third from anterior margin, medial stripe shortly split anteriorly, lateral parts of scutum yellow; antepronotum, proepisternum and anepisternum yellow, posterior margin of anepimeron light brown, katepisternum with lower half brown and upper half yellow, laterotergite brown with posterior half yellowish, mediotergite brown, scutellum basally yellowish, apically brown. Thoracic setae all yellow. Wing with yellowish tinge and preapical very faint transverse brownish band reaching to M, all veins yellowish including radial veins somewhat darker. Halter with stem and knob pale yellow. All coxae and femora yellow, except hind femur apically with narrow brown band, all tibiae, tarsi yellow but seem darker because of dense brown setae. Tibial setae brown, spurs yellowish. Abdomen with all tergites brown and sternites yellow. Abdominal vestiture yellow. Terminalia brown with gonocoxite medially and gonostylus anteriorly yellow. Ocelli in a linear arrangement. Medial about twice smaller than laterals, which are separated from eye margins by less than their own diameter. Frontal furrow complete. Clypeus obovoid. Fourth flagellar segment about as long as wide, apical flagellar segment 2.5 times as long as wide basally. Flagellar segments with dense yellowish short setae. Scutum densely covered with setae, with marginal and prescutellar setae stronger. Antepronotum with 6–7 strong and a number of weaker setae. Proepisternum with one very strong seta at anterior margin about 10 weaker setae. Anepisternum, katepisternum and anepimeron non-setose. Laterotergite with long fine setae on posterior half. Mediotergite non-setose. Scutellum with a row of marginal setae including two pairs remarkably stronger. Length 5.3–5.7 mm, length to width 2.3–2.8. All veins setose, except Sc, sc-r, Rs and extreme base of M. Sc ending on C at level of furcation of posterior fork. R 3.3 times as long as R1. r-m 1.47 times as long as m-stem. M and M apically convergent, apical third of both veins faint. M interrupted at base. Rs located distally of the anterior fork. Ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.16; 0.95; 0.86. Ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.00; 1.66; 2.00. Fore tibia with a spur 2.95 times of tibial maximum width. Mid tibia with anterior spur 3.33 times and posterior spur 3.96 times of tibial maximum width. Hind tibia with anterior spur 3.33 times and posterior spur 4.58 times of tibial maximum width. (Figs 5A–D, 6A–C). Gonocoxite with setae on apical fifth only. Ventromedial process of gonocoxite elongated ovoid with a row of long setae apically and an aggregation of shorter setae on apical fourth. Ventroposterior margin of gonocoxite drawn into a wide membraneous non-setose medial lobe and a digitate more protruding lobe with one prominent and 2–3 weaker apical setae. Tergite 9 membraneous, somewhat tapering, apically evenly rounded with apicocentral patch of short setae. Gonostylus bipartite: lateral prong shorter, convolute and apically hooked; medial prong longer, tapering with preapical small tooth at ventral margin. Aedeagus with sclerotized, cup-shaped apical portion, ejaculatory apodeme bilobed. Paramere about 1.6 times as long as aedeagus, bowed in lateral view, apically tapering, with ventral flange drawn out into a triangular membranous process in the middle; anteriorly, parameres fused into a complex membranous structure with anterior concavity and well protruding lateral corners. Hypoproct with protruding apicolateral corners and medial part that bears a group of stout setae. sp. nov., male terminalia A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view D gonocoxite and gonostylus, ventral view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, cer = cercus, ejap = ejaculatory apodeme, gc = gonocoxite, gc vmp = ventromedial process of gonocoxite, gc vpp = ventroposterior process of gonocoxite, gst lp = lateral prong of gonostylus, gst mp = medial prong of gonostylus, hyp = hypoproct, par = paramere, tg 9 = tergite IX. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. Female. Unknown. The species is named after my daughter Katariina (born 3 November 2000), an enthusiastic student of biology at the University of Tartu (Estonia). She participated in a trip to Georgia in 2017 that yielded several specimens of this study and she always insists we call her Kata. There are 166 Meigen species known worldwide including 33 in the Palaearctic region (Polevoi and Salmela 2016). sp. nov. differs from all known Palaearctic and Nearctic species by its peculiar structure of the gonostylus that is bipartite: medial prong long and slender with a preapical tooth, and lateral prong apically hooked, about 2/3 of the medial prong. sp. nov., male terminalia A aedeagal complex, ventral view B aedeagal complex, lateral view C hypoproct ventral view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, ejap = ejaculatory apodeme, par = paramere. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. C5110FF4-1D4E-5E05-9253-4370412A76A0 http://zoobank.org/7CD91319-0672-4DC8-9CF6-7140ADF1F13E Figs 3B , 7A–G Male, Georgia, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Saguramo north of Tbilisi, , 920 m a.s.l., 15.v.2013, sweeping, leg. O. Kurina [see Table 1: MM-12] (mounted from alcohol, IZBE). Male, same as holotype (mounted from alcohol, IZBE). sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a strong posteroventral fringe on mid femora with a row of strong setae, absence of anterior spur on mid tibia, absence of setae on hind coxa basally. The new species is closest to Chandler and Ribeiro but differs in characters of the male terminalia: ventral branch of the gonostylus about twice as long as the dorsal branch, dorsal branch of the gonostylus with long and slender medial prong, medial branch of the gonostylus slender and apically hooked. Male. Body length 2.7–2.9 mm (n = 2). Head with vertex, frons, face and clypeus brown, mouthparts including palpus pale yellow. Scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow, rest of flagellum light brown. Thorax with scutum and lateral parts light brown. Thoracic setae yellowish to brown, with thicker setae darker than finer ones. Wing hyaline, unmarked with yellowish tinge. Halter with stem and knob pale yellow. Legs yellow, tarsi yellow but seem darker because of dense brown setae. All setae on legs brown, tibial spurs yellowish. Abdomen mainly brown with first two segments somewhat lighter. Abdominal vestiture brown. Terminalia light brown. Ocelli two, very close to eye margins, with dark brown patches at anterior margin. Frontal furrow complete. Clypeus rectangular. Fourth flagellar segment about 2.5 times as long as wide, apical flagellar segment 2.5 times as long as wide basally. Flagellar segments with dense whitish setae about one third of segments’ width. Scutum covered with setae, with marginal and prescutellar setae stronger. Antepronotum with 2 strong and 10–15 weaker setae. Proepisternum with two strong and 2–3 weaker setae. Anepisternum, katepisternum and anepimeron non-setose. Laterotergite with about 10 setae on upper half. Mediotergite non-setose. Scutellum with about 10 setae on upper surface. Length 2.39–2.70 mm, length to width 2.75–2.90. C, R, R, R setose, all other veins non-setose. C produced halfway between R and M. r-m about as long as m-stem. Posterior fork at the level of anterior fork or slightly before. CuA slightly sinuous. Ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.08–1.17; 0.97–1.00; 0.65–0.90. Ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.96–1.00; 1.21–1.28; 1.41–1.77. Fore tibia with a spur 2.00 times of tibial maximum width. Mid tibia with anterior spur absent and posterior spur 2.27–2.40 times of tibial maximum width. Hind tibia with anterior spur 2.71–3.33 times and posterior spur 3.93–4.66 times of tibial maximum width. Strong posteroventral fringe of mid femora with row of strong setae. Hind coxa without basal setae. (Fig. 7A–G). Gonocoxite ventrally with (1) V-shaped wide incision anteriorly, (2) posteromedial non-setose tapering projection with deep slit, and (3) posterolateral large apically setose lobes. Gonostylus divided into four branches (Fig. 7F–G). The ventral branch of the gonostylus elongated digitate, apical half setose and with one strong seta apically deviating from other setosity. Dorsal branch of the gonostylus about half length of the ventral branch, divided into two prongs: medial finger like bare prong and lateral large apically and basally setose prong. Medial branch of the gonostylus slightly shorter than dorsal branch, slender, apically hooked. Internal branch of the gonostylus membranous, convolute with anterior lamellae. sp. nov. male terminalia A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view, cerci and tergite IX removed D lateral view E cerci and tergite IX, dorsal view F, G gonostylus, internal views from different angles. Abbreviations: aed complex – aedeagal complex, cer = cercus, gc = gonocoxite, gc ap = gonocoxal apodeme, gst dbr = dorsal branch of gonostylus, gst ibr = internal branch of gonostylus, gst mbr = medial branch of gonostylus, gst vbr = ventral branch of gonostylus, tg 9 = tergite IX. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. The species is named after my daughter Liisa-Meta (born 9 October 2004), a keen naturalist who also participated in a trip to Georgia in 2017. There are about 50 Winnertz species known in the Holarctic region (cf. Fungus Gnats Online Authors 2021), the vast majority of which are adequately described and figured. In having posteroventral fringe of mid femora with strong setae and absence of anterior spur of mid tibia, sp. nov. resembles Chandler & Ribeiro, 1995 known only from Madeira Island. Also, the male terminalia of both species share the general outline (cf. Chandler and Ribeiro 1995: fig. 27). However, differs in the structure of the gonostylus as follows: (1) ventral branch of the gonostylus twice as long as dorsal branch (only somewhat longer in ), (2) dorsal branch of the gonostylus with medial prong long, anchored to lateral prong basally (medial prong short, anchored to lateral prong subapically in ), and (3) medial branch of gonostylus slender, apically hooked (medial branch stout, slightly curved in ).

List of fungus gnat species of Georgia

Family

(Mayer, 1950) 760DD7E7-5BF5-52A2-9515-0D090CDCB1BD
Material.
2♀♀, SJ-7; 4♀♀, SJ-8. Total: 6♀♀.
Distribution in Georgia.
Samtskhe-Javakheti.
General distribution.
Palaearctic. (Mayer, 1951) 585C6050-A66B-5B25-92E7-11A9C3C68BB6 Fig. 9A 1♀, MM-1. Total: 1♀. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Meigen, 1818 36A13E06-BFD7-577F-80EB-E6664FDB2E5A 1♂, MM-12. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1941 E764C905-F852-599E-8352-2F912BC50FD7 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Mik, 1874 82387C38-2B44-5221-8C79-939284E382E4 1♀, SJ-1; 1♂, SK-1. Total: 1♂ 1♀. Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Western Palaearctic.
Remarks.
In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). (Meigen, 1830) 8C209075-9BBA-5FDF-90AC-22FEBB07089E 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 2♂♂ 1♀, I-6; 2♂♂, I-9; 1♂, I-11; 1♂, A-1; 1♂, SJ-4; 1♂, SJ-7; 1♂, SJ-8; 4♂♂, SK-1. Total: 14♂♂ 1♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Shida Kartli, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Tollet, 1948 8562BA00-C871-56E8-9A6F-4B53E0C6244C Fig. 8G 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 2♂♂, SK-1; 2♂♂, SJ-1 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-2 (IUTG); 1♂ 1♀, SJ-4; 2♂♂, SJ-7; 4♂♂ 3♀♀, SJ-9. Total: 13♂♂ 4♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the families (A), (B–F) and (G) A (Meigen, 1830) B Dalman, 1818 C Winnertz, 1846 D (Zetterstedt, 1855) E Matile & Burghele-Balacesco, 1969 F Meigen, 1830 G Tollet, 1948. (Meigen, 1818) 2DB9C662-7DE3-589A-8C0D-E962AAC24EAC 2♂♂, I-9. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). (Meigen, 1830) BC071DFE-4E2F-5EED-AE26-506DC6BEBC29 Fig. 8A 6♂♂, SZS-3 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IUTG, 2♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, A-1; 1♂ 1♀, A-3; 1♀, I-3 (18.v–1.vi.2013); 1♂, I-6; 1♂ 1♀, I-9; 1♂, I-10; 2♂♂, I-11; 1♂, I-12; 4♂♂, SJ-1 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 2♂♂, MM-12. Total: 20♂♂ 3♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). Subfamily Meigen, 1818 CD6790A9-515B-57A3-BA08-9C3444663E2E 2♂♂, KK-1; 1♀, MM-14. Total: 2♂♂ 1♀. Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 CCAA9AB2-C153-507B-9A41-E04DF1CE60A9 1♂, A-1. Total: 1♂. Adjara. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Armenia (Zaitzev 1994). Meigen, 1804 4B472653-2A08-537E-B6E7-AA5D8493EC19 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Palaearctic. Loew, 1869 43A949F8-3940-5B53-9682-38EE8B11B229 2♂♂, A-1; 3♂♂, A-7. Total: 5♂♂. Adjara. Europe. Meigen, 1804 B05D00CF-84B4-5A68-B7EB-261EA8661ECF 1 ♂, A-7; 1♂, KK-1. Total: 2♂♂. Adjara, Kvemo Kartli. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Armenia (Joost and Plassmann 1985). Meigen, 1818 92A6D5F2-350E-570E-815A-37710616EBF3 1♀, A-1; 1♀, A-6; 1♀, A-7. Total: 3♀♀. Adjara. Palaearctic. Curtis, 1837 CB1460A1-ABDF-568D-AADE-FDBCC2F282B1 1♂ 1♀, A-1; 4♂♂, A-7; 11♂♂ 3 ♀♀, I-6; 2♂♂, I-11; Total: 18♂♂ 8♀♀. Adjara, Imereti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1925 12DAB285-B13B-51F7-8D6D-F2D1CD26F28B 44♂♂ 14♀♀, KK-1. Total: 44♂♂ 14♀♀. Kvemo Kartli. Palaearctic. Meigen, 1830 1D1CAFBE-951D-5103-BE4A-2F5634C9317F Fig. 8F 3♂♂, SJ-8; 2♂♂, MM-13; 1♂, MM-14. Total: 6♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic.

Subfamily

Tribe Matile & Burghele-Balacesco, 1969 BEBA1448-A91A-5BF9-8292-C139F59B64CE Fig. 8E 6♂♂, A-3; 1♂, A-5; 3♂♂, A-7; 14♂♂ 1♀, I-6; 1♀, I-8; 3♂♂, I-9; 1♂, I-10; 2♂♂, I-11; 2♂♂, I-14; 1♂, I-15; 1♀, MM-7; 3♂♂, MM-8. Total: 36♂♂ 3♀♀. Adjara, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Western Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). (Gmelin, 1790) 5296B60A-9F13-5F7A-982F-2A72AFA5AC30 1♂, I-4. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Western Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). Dalman, 1818 EF3C443B-C58B-5F26-BDBD-63FEC08B7522 Fig. 8B 2♂♂, I-6. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994).

Tribe

(Meigen, 1818) 95212B05-5ABD-5448-9D72-3FF4B76F9C05
Georgian source.
Zaitzev 1994: 82 (from Adjara). Adjara. Holarctic. Zaitzev (1994) studied a single male specimen from Batumi collected in 1908. The black colour of the body as noted by Zaitzev (1994) for the studied material is characteristic to . The other European species have the thorax yellow to orange with or without longitudinal stripes; also, see the next species and discussion by Mantič and Ševčík (2017). (Strobl, 1909) C50699F7-6CAE-5CAA-BCBE-D065A50339DD 1♂, A-1; 1♂, A-5; 1♀, A-7; 1♂ 1♀, I-6. Total: 3♂♂ 2♀♀. Adjara, Imereti. Europe. All studied Georgian specimens correspond to the diagnosis including figures provided recently by Mantič and Ševčík (2017), i.e. (1) scutum with longitudinal dark stripes which are, however, almost fused in female specimens (thorax all dark brown to blackish in ), (2) wing with a distinct subapical band (anteriorly infuscated in ) and (3) male terminalia with medial tooth of the gonostylys larger than the lateral one (both in subequal size in ). is a rare European species known from the Mediterranean region and Slovakia (Mantič and Ševčík 2017). Winnertz, 1846 0FCF7936-19E5-565F-BF86-D2A91CC2190F Fig. 8C 2♂♂, K-4; 7♂♂ 3♀♀, K-5. Total: 9♂♂ 3♀♀. Kakheti. Europe. Edwards, 1925 7F2F4C3E-8C86-5CF0-984D-4B14B4B8EBAB 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. (Winnertz, 1863) D977DD28-F5E3-5DAE-A828-7572B2648E6E 1♂, K-2; 1♀, K-3. Total: 1♂ 1♀. Kakheti. Europe. (Strobl, 1893) 5F94DBF1-DB7F-56F6-BE0D-11F82486C683 1♂, SZS-1. Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. (Meigen, 1818) 998EEC29-5151-5D99-B54D-1D832FCA78E5 7♂♂, SZS-3(2♂♂ ZFMK, 3♂♂ IUTG, 2♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, A-3; 1♂, SJ-1 (ZFMK); 1♂, MM-7. Total: 10♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Kurina & Jürgenstein, 2013 F0C5C228-45A1-54EC-95AA-BFC919D90CA6 Fig. 9B Kurina and Jürgenstein 2013: 23 (fig. 2a–d)
Type material.
1♂, I-10 (holotype); 1♂, I-9 (paratype); 10♂♂, I-6 (paratypes). Additional material. 12♂♂ 4♀♀, A-1; 34♂♂, A-3; 7♂♂, A-5; 76♂♂, A-7; 1♂, A-8; 5♂♂, I-6; 12♂♂, I-11; 1♂, I-12; 5♂♂, SJ-1; 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK); 4♂♂, K-4; 1♂, K-6. Total: 171♂♂ 4♀♀. Adjara, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Georgia. Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the families (A), (B) and (C–I) A (Mayer, 1951) B Kurina & Jürgenstein, 2013 C (Meigen, 1818) D (Walker, 1837) E (Staeger, 1840) F Zaitzev, 1984 G (Meigen, 1818) H Okada, 1939 I (Meigen, 1818). Kurina & Jürgenstein, 2013 0BF1E049-E613-58AF-BBDF-65B9FF21FB4B Kurina and Jürgenstein 2013: 24 (fig. 3a–d). 1♂, I-5 (holotype). Additional material. 35♂♂, SZS-3 (12♂♂ ZFMK, 12♂♂ IUTG, 11♂♂ IZBE). Total: 36♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Georgia. (Edwards, 1913) D65F51C5-DEAD-5EBD-87DA-F2440FE5794D 16♂♂, SJ-4. Total: 16♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Europe. The species-group includes at least seven closely related species in Europe, separable only by small details of male terminalia (Chandler and Blasco-Zumeta 2001). The studied Georgian specimens have the ventroapical margin of the gonocoxite with setose lobe (= without asetose protuberance) that is shared by three species, viz. , Chandler, 2001 and Chandler, 1994. The aedeagal complex is considerably short (elongate in ) and the aedeagal sheath is interrupted medially on the ventral side (with complete bridge in ). However, the Georgian specimens are slightly different from as figured by Chandler and Blasco-Zumeta (2001: Figs 9–12) in having the distal dorsal corner of the aedeagal seath with a blunt protuberance that is otherwise typical to . The material was compared to that of and from North Italy (cf. Kurina 2008b) and, pending a further molecular study of this species-group, is considered to be conspecific with . (Zetterstedt, 1855) 0A8E2391-907C-5DF5-90C8-3CE5112A615C Fig. 8D 2♂♂, A-5; 1♂, I-6; 2♂♂, I-11; 2♂♂, SJ-1 (1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂ 1♀, SJ-2 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-3; 4♂♂, MM-11. Total: 13♂♂ 1♀. Adjara, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. (Staeger, 1840) 26C2DB5E-AFB6-5062-8F03-BF8B8116EF0F 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 3♂♂, SJ-1 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂ 2♀♀, SJ-2 (1♂ 1♀ ZFMK, 1♀ IUTG). Total: 5♂♂ 2♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Europe.

Subfamily Platyurinae

Meigen 1804 E331029B-412D-502E-A3B0-7F8DE1BA8B2E 1♂, K-6. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Palaearctic. Subfamily (Staeger, 1840) 45B70A57-CAB3-5F1F-B32B-9ED35B4B091A 2♂♂, SZS-3 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Palaearctic. (Meigen, 1818) 1D8C5EF7-B16B-5F1F-A7BE-04702F696BAE 1♂, A-7. Total: 1♂. Adjara. Holarctic, extending to the Oriental region. Landrock, 1925 14E7A313-3C96-5BEB-9520-83526042BD61 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. (Macquart, 1826) 4895B3D3-A7C8-5875-BAE3-1E05BAB923CA 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic, extending to the Oriental region. (Zetterstedt, 1852) 8C34CE3C-2248-5CBA-A57D-E38838550EF4 6♂♂, A-5; 1♂, A-7; 4♂♂, I-6; 2♂♂, SJ-3; 29♂♂, SJ-4; 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-7; 2♂♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-6. Total: 47♂♂. Adjara, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Western Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). (Zetterstedt, 1852) 61EA199A-500A-50EF-A2CE-B6E8DA2FAB5F 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Holarctic. (Meigen, 1818) 25281D7A-AC5B-56FE-B95A-D5D917668644 Fig. 9I 3♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-17; 1♂, SJ-3; 2♂♂, MM-8; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 8♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. (Winnertz, 1863) 3DD22F87-1AD5-5CF6-B3D3-9F8D60BF3F9A 1♂, SJ-4. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic, extending to the Oriental region. (Walker, 1856) FF7DE2A9-8F7C-5B38-932A-8D557EE1C859 1♂, A-7; 1♂, SJ-4. Total: 2♂♂. Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Lundström, 1911) D682E1BD-A518-560A-9905-F5C975A5ACBD 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. (Winnertz, 1863) 2D79CC59-9BE6-55AF-94A5-22E3279E918C 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, I-11. Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). (Dziedzicki, 1885) 98985B94-602E-51D3-BD00-92B2B19634B9 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 2♂♂. Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic, extending to the Oriental region. (Staeger, 1840) 495D18DF-70D2-56A7-90FC-74782D2A95C3 3♂♂, K-5; 1♂, K-6. Total: 4♂♂. Kakheti. Palaearctic. (Zetterstedt, 1838) 0DBC55C6-A12C-523A-8FF8-0E4C93863828 5♂♂, K-6. Total: 5♂♂. Kakheti. Palaearctic. Okada, 1939 DF25961E-A463-5F46-B932-AE0FB8F592EC Figs 9H , 10A–F
Figure 10.

Okada, 1939, male terminalia A, B, dorsal view C, D ventral view E lateral view F posterior view. Scale basr: 0.2 mm.

1♂, A-7; 2♂♂, I-6. Total: 3♂♂. Adjara, Imereti. Palaearctic. The species description from Hokkaido (Japan) by Okada was supplemented by a black and white figure of the general habitus including wing venation and pattern (Okada 1939: plate XVI, fig. 3). The Georgian material was compared to that from Japan (1 ♂, JAPAN, Honshu, Ishikawa Perfecture, Kanazawa City, Kakuma Campus, window trap, 14.vii-21.vii.2006, Indah, T. leg.; Kjærandsen J. det., TSZD-JKJ-111335) and the small differences in male terminalia are considered to be within intraspecific variation. Figures of the male terminalia (Fig. 10A–F) are provided for the first time for the species. Okada, 1939, male terminalia A, B, dorsal view C, D ventral view E lateral view F posterior view. Scale basr: 0.2 mm. (Meigen, 1818) DB8D5FAC-9D5B-5039-9277-3B1A2E399ECF Fig. 9G 1♀, I-6; 1♂ 1♀, I-14. Total: 1♂ 2♀♀. Imereti. Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 D29AA442-C278-5CC1-89B2-E191581F4D13 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Palaearctic. Zaitzev, 1984 5789E4C1-C0D8-570E-9E8A-E845F3F1DF04 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 1♂, I-6. Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Caucasia. Recorded earlier from North Caucasus and Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). (Meigen, 1818) 17ED99F2-7CD9-5C55-BDC4-214A370D0AEA Fig. 9C 4♂♂, SZS-3 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 2♂♂, A-3; 2♂♂, A-7; 3♂♂ 1♀, K-4; 1♂, K-5; 1♂, K-6. Total: 13♂♂ 1♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Kakheti. Palaearctic. (Curtis, 1837) 7531BC30-B90C-53EB-81C4-7E94FA870802 Fig. 11H 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the family A (Meigen, 1818) B Meigen, 1818 C (Meigen, 1818) D Chandler, 2001 E Lundström, 1913 F (Strobl, 1910) G Lehmann, 1822 H (Curtis, 1837) I (Staeger, 1840) J Strobl, 1893 K (Winnertz, 1846). Kurina, 2018 68B53D2A-E400-515D-BE94-128D8279B7B7 Kurina 2018: 156 (figs 2–5). 1♂, A-1 (holotype); 3♂♂, A-1 (paratypes); 3♂♂ 3♀♀, A-3 (paratypes); 1♂, A-7 (paratype). Total: 8♂♂ 3♀♀. Adjara. Georgia. The species was recently described from material collected from Mtirala and Kintrishi National Parks in Adjara (Kurina 2018) (Staeger, 1840) D08B9435-C761-558A-AD7B-DB940A759FB8 Fig. 9E 1♀, SJ-3. Total: 1♀. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Europe. Strobl, 1898 C384700E-8732-5365-BD58-A2FC230E3D73 1♂, I-11. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe. (Strobl, 1910) 0DF81BD0-A92E-5D8A-A2E0-6C46C6717981 Fig. 11F 2♂♂, I-6. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti. Holarctic. (Walker, 1837) 225E1194-548C-54A0-9A92-AA678EFB7B94 Fig. 9D 3♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SK-1. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti, Shida Kartli. Holarctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). Zaitzev, 1994 A290BF96-DECB-5791-A4AC-E60754CCEF34 Kurina et al. 2015: 116 (figs 11, 12, 16). 1♀, SZS-3 (IZBE); 2♀♀, SZS-4 (1♀ ZFMK, 1♀ IUTG); 3♂♂ 4♀♀, A-3; 1♂ 2♀♀, A-7; 2♂♂ 10♀♀, I-6; 1♂ 1♀, I-9; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-1 (IZBE); 4♂♂ 1♀, SJ-2 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 1♂ 1♀ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 2♂♂ 1♀, SJ-3; 1♂, KK-1. Total: 17♂♂ 24♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli. Caucasia: Russia (Krasnodarskiy region), Georgia. Zaitzev, 1984 22356499-8476-5106-907F-83E6C85D0A45 Fig. 9F 1♂, MM-8; 1♂, K-4. Total: 2♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Caucasia. Known only from type locality in Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 1994). Zetterstedt, 1852 1FE13894-88B6-5E0C-B321-27E001B5ACEC 1♂, A-5. Total: 1♂. Adjara. Europe, with scattered distribution (Kurina 2003, Chandler 2013). Curtis, 1837 CF4627B6-5F85-5D2E-8D9D-20C077CAE4CC 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic.

sp. nov.

6EE3AE2C-3471-5F13-BA0B-7E5D8502FBDC See in species description above. Kakheti. Georgia. (Winnertz, 1863) 3134B590-2BCE-59CA-9FFC-A0CE93C7E6C0 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-1 (IZBE); 1♂, SJ-2 (IUTG). Total: 3♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. In Europe recorded from mountain areas (Kurina 2004, 2008b). Staeger, 1840 4FDE1722-BCB9-507A-8F5B-6F7C70AAD159 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK). Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Winnertz, 1863 5D3F2934-FE2A-5306-8121-4D0272A67058 1♂, I-6; 1♂, I-9. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti. Europe. (Curtis, 1837) BF30F735-4D5E-55EA-9F95-A911BDF665A9 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Western Palaearctic. Zetterstedt, 1852 633FA627-564F-5F1A-8B20-8A2A9D41B542 1♂, SZS-2; 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Palaearctic. Lundström, 1914 63508AE0-B752-5523-80C9-406BAB6B3B98 4♂♂, SZS-4 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Western Palaearctic. (Meigen, 1804) 48EC3D3A-5480-50A9-B8A9-4C5B5F93DCD9 5♂♂, A-1; 3♂♂, A-3. Total: 8♂♂. Adjara. Europe. The Georgian specimens have the ventral lobe of the gonostylus with a blunt small spine apically that is absent in studied specimens from Estonia and Sweden as well as in published figures (e.g. Landrock 1927, Hutson et al. 1980, Zaitzev 1994). Otherwise, the male terminalia including aedeagal complex do not have any substantial differences. Therefore, the Georgian material is considered to be conspecific pending further, more thorough study including that based on DNA sequencing. Dziedzicki, 1885 5FA5CCF4-3BCF-50EB-84F6-82CBE46B2E42 2♂♂, SZS-4 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Palaearctic. Landrock, 1912 E43EFD86-E6C1-5DEF-A268-CE6AF48E90C1 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. Grzegorzek, 1885 AC9A0035-CEA8-5B62-8A9D-B7D556D80C06 10♂♂, SZS-3 (4♂♂ ZFMK, 4 ♂♂ IUTG, 2 ♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, SJ-1 (IZBE); 1♂, K-6. Total: 12♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Staeger, 1840 487D5158-52C5-5676-B22D-9E5F6594FF91 3♂♂, SZS-4 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 3♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Holarctic. (Meigen, 1818) 63D861C9-92F3-5D36-A993-E389101C3CB9 Fig. 11A 4♂♂, SJ-8; 5♂♂, SJ-9. Total: 9♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Staeger, 1840) 64F04AF0-AEC2-5E3B-9C90-CEC84EC8EE90 Fig. 11I Thormann et al. 2019: 279 (from Mtskhetha-Mthianethi). 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 8♂♂ 1♀, KK-1. Total: 9♂♂ 1♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kvemo Kartli. Europe. (Haliday in Walker, 1856) E27A7B78-1470-5913-B3E0-83E3673B132C Ševčík et al. 2020: 21 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 1♀, I-6. Total: 1♂ 1♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Palaearctic. Strobl, 1900 12CE84F6-DDE7-598E-A151-C569B048236E Ševčík et al. 2020: 21 3♂♂, K-5. Total: 3♂♂. Kakheti. Europe. Landrock, 1916 434C7BD2-A668-5817-B3B3-5A59EE2C7B22 Ševčík et al. 2020: 23. 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Laštovka & Ševčík, 2006 DD551539-E4B9-53FB-895C-60C83C1FFBFC Ševčík et al. 2020: 23 1♂, MM-3. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Known from Central Europe (Laštovka and Ševčík 2006). Kurina in Ševčík et al. 2020 7A04D1D5-967F-5A14-80FB-B6340A401C88 Ševčík et al. 2020: 17. 1♂, SZS-4 (holotype, ZFMK); 5♂♂, SZS-4; 2♂♂, SZS-3; 1♂, SJ-1. Total: 9♂♂ (see Ševčík et al. 2020 for depository of paratypes). Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Georgia. (Winnertz, 1846) 712B5F01-42A6-54CB-8030-F90A70CD27C7 Fig. 11K 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK); 1♂, K-6. Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Europe. (Meigen, 1818) C73BA377-2968-5916-A3E4-A6752FDDF1A9 Fig. 11C Thormann et al. 2019: 279 (from Mtskhetha-Mthianethi). 2♂♂, SZS-3 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-10; 1♂, SK-1. Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. (Caspers, 1991) 30D79A86-22F0-59D4-B417-D4ECBA9A9221 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 2♂♂, I-6. Total: 3♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Europe. Known only from Grete and Cyprus (Caspers 1991, Chandler et al. 2006, Ribeiro and Chandler 2007). (Coquillett, 1901) 949C8852-9A16-5FDC-BEE7-2ECAC1C4987D 1♂, A-1; 1♂, I-6. Total: 2♂♂. Adjara, Imereti. Holarctic. Meigen, 1818 D9B33DD0-CD21-536A-A4B5-73B1EE00A3C3 Fig. 11B 104♂♂, A-1; 54♂♂ 5♀♀, A-2; 70♂♂, A-3; 21♂♂ 2♀♀, A-4; 6♂♂ 4♀♀, A-5; 3♂♂, A-6; 173♂♂ 64♀♀, A-7; 14♂♂, I-1; 7♂♂, I-3 (18.v–1.vi.2013); 1♂, I-4; 138♂♂ 7♀♀, I-6; 25♂♂, I-7; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, I-9; 1♀, I-10; 8♂♂, I-11; 15♂♂, I-13; 2♂♂, I-16; 37♂♂, I-17; 1♂, MM-9. Total: 683♂♂ 86♀♀. Adjara, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. (Winnertz, 1863) CA169BC7-C957-55D8-A597-66A52AB46E0A 6♂♂ 2♀♀, SZS-3 (2♂♂ 1♀ ZFMK, 2♂♂ 1♀ IUTG, 2♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, K-4; 1♂, K-5. Total: 8♂♂ 2♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Chandler, 2001 FC22FF1A-8D9A-5C36-99D5-BC9D9FD82C0B Fig. 11D 3♂♂, K-4; 22♂♂, K-5. Total: 25♂♂. Kakheti. Palaearctic. This very rare species was until recently recorded only from Channel Islands and Central Europe but Kurina (2020b) found it also from Japan. The record from Georgia suggests a wider distribution in the Palearctic region. Laštovka & Matile, 1974 BFBFEEE0-1BEF-5B3F-968D-173454C76886 1♂, SJ-5. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. A widely distributed Palaearctic species that has expanded its range in Europe during recent decades and is locally common also in anthropogenic environments (Kurina et al. 2011, pers. observations). (Meigen, 1804) B10E0BD9-4088-50F6-B9F8-82D15A116032 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-7. Total: 5♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Aedeagal complex of Georgian specimens is similar to that figured by Polevoi and Salmela (2016: fig. 7G) and gonostylus has a clear dorsal projection (Polevoi and Salmela 2016: fig. 7I, J). (Winnertz, 1863) 1C32D3A3-0325-5C23-98AB-752DBF5317A0 1♂ 1♀, I-6; 1♂, K-6. Total: 2♂♂ 1♀. Imereti, Kakheti. Western Palaearctic. 237FE660-B57B-5DEB-91F9-5495E0480CE1 See in species description above. Samegrelo-Zemo-Svanethi, Shida-Kartli. Georgia. Edwards, 1925 F846E2BF-2A57-5FAD-AD1B-E67C802CA9C7 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe, with scattered distribution. Lehmann, 1822 BDED0737-CDA0-5D3B-A7E3-F00BA38C7595 Fig. 11G 3♂♂, I-10; 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic, extending to the Oriental region. Strobl, 1893 CC3BD89D-C0FC-5ACB-B0F2-998DB7ACA30A Fig. 11J 1♂ 1♀, SJ-2 (1♀ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, K-4; 1♀, K-5. Total: 2♂♂ 2♀♀. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Western Palaearctic. According to the recent molecular study by Kaspřák et al. (2019: Fig. 1), the genus Strobl, 1893 apparently belongs to the subfamily . However, as the authors did not have further discussion about this relationship, I follow the current classification in Fungus Gnats Online (http://www.sciaroidea.info/). Lundström, 1913 2229D9F3-DFB4-5203-B11C-71248796DFC2 Fig. 11E 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe. A rare species, recorded from Central and Northern Europe with the south-eastern record on the Crimean Peninsula (Jaschhof et al. 2011). The current record from Georgia indicates a wider distribution in the Western Palaearctic. Tribe (Wiedemann, 1817) A2A998A9-4689-5EFA-A56A-A19241D0FFD4 4♂♂, SZS-4 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 7♂♂, SJ-3; 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-11; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 15♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). (Meigen, 1818) A3D5387A-CEDA-5A08-AACD-FA64096B4E89 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-12; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-1. Total: 4♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Holarctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). Edwards, 1921 0E9B6530-E974-52E7-908C-6CDBDCEEE3F4 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. (Meigen, 1830) 23C27DB0-0CDB-5FD4-9F28-F0435E5D2E4A Fig. 12A 1♂, A-7; 2♂♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-8. Total: 4♂♂. Adjara, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Habitus of Georgian fungus gnats of the family A (Meigen, 1830) B Winnertz, 1863 C (Staeger, 1840) D Edwards, 1925 E Dziedzicki, 1923 F Strobl, 1895 G (Perris, 1849) H Winnertz, 1863 I Edwards, 1925 J (Wiedemann, 1817) K (Walker, 1848). Zaitzev, 1982 D06F43DF-EE77-52B0-8841-08173AC2FDEF 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Edwards, 1941) 094C77D4-DCE1-5795-9268-B233EBDAA665 2♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 3♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Dziedzicki, 1923 8DF71C57-33C3-5F69-A9CD-F7C591336DAD Fig. 12E 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 3♂♂, SZS-4 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. 57815A80-72CE-5655-9360-BCDA7F716102 See in species description above. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Georgia. Dziedzicki, 1923 EFDEF363-648C-5BBF-86AE-669676D0D3AB 1♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 2♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. (Zetterstedt, 1838) AD712DBD-B0A1-5985-ACB7-7F565E61E8D6 1♂, MM-14. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. (Landrock, 1912) B49B6A48-FAF6-5DA0-A101-EB77014367DB 1♂, MM-2. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. (Meigen, 1830) 8F4B8BFF-06B7-56B7-9B14-DFC2F0C9F72F 4♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-10; 1♂, SJ-3; 1♂, MM-5; 1♂, MM-8. Total: 8♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). (Strobl, 1910) 42E51E02-4040-5C87-805E-0FE15C17B64F 1♂, MM-2. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). Edwards, 1925 102425D3-7B65-57A3-B9D0-02DEF8F20A8E 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Palaearctic. (Lundström, 1911) BE4FEB63-41D6-5F74-A9F1-C99B13C4297B 5♂♂, I-6. Total: 5♂♂. Imereti. Holarctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). Laštovka & Matile, 1974 118594DB-2746-5235-A04D-7486D1780615 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Holarctic. Caspers, 1980 94B86743-69E8-50AD-9E63-DFC653F36889 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Western Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). (Edwards, 1925) 1888F37D-94BF-5C07-B033-6CFCEDE5AAA5 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, A-8. Total: 2♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara. Palaearctic. (Johannsen, 1912) 94B62DE6-BD86-5E5A-A6E3-FCB214A0DE06 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Holarctic. (Staeger, 1840) 741831C8-147F-5443-8E44-CD19CF4F05EC 1♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. (Staeger, 1840) 1D2704EF-F6CC-5F56-94AE-F9BE10D0516F Fig. 12C 8♂♂, SZS-4 (3♂♂ ZFMK, 3♂♂ IUTG, 2♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-1; 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-6; 4♂♂, SJ-7; 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-1. Total: 21♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. (Santos Abreu, 1920) 91DF01BD-E92C-51D2-8E25-8AFA85835F84 1♂, I-11, 2♂♂, SJ-7; 2♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-14. Total: 7♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Western Palaearctic. (Staeger, 1840) 3A698037-EB4B-5661-8460-9460DF2F6BF0 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-11; 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-5; 2♂♂, MM-12; 1♂, MM-13. Total: 9♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). (Meigen, 1830) 0AA820C9-1F8C-552B-82D9-03E41124CA31 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 1♂, SZS-4 (IZBE); 1♂, SJ-7; 4♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 3♂♂, KK-1; 1♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-8; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-2. Total: 15♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). (Staeger, 1840) 0D62428F-A3A5-569D-9457-0F6C0C6E7DC1 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 5♂♂, SZS-4 (3♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IUTG); 1♂, A-5; 1♂, A-7; 1♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-2; 1♂ (IZBE), KK-1; 1♂ 2♀♀, MM-12; 1♂, K-6. Total: 13♂♂ 2♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Meigen, 1818 98859894-CF0A-5CCA-99AE-B7336E46AF5A 1♂, I-1; 1♂, I-2; 1♂, I-6; 1♂, I-11; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-4; 1♂, K-6. Total: 7♂♂. Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Meigen, 1830 612AFC42-AB8E-51B4-864A-C171A967DEEE 1♂, MM-7. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Meigen, 1804 7A02F321-D0E3-5938-B69E-1313C875004C 2♂♂, SJ-2 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1925 26D01AB0-5E09-5E14-AAC1-78A6ED29B968 Fig. 12D 1♂, I-2; 1♂, I-3 (18.v–1.vi.2013); 1♂, SJ-7; 1♂, KK-1. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli. Palaearctic. Laštovka & Matile, 1974 501FCD44-1E4B-503A-B137-326732685DF8 2♂♂, SJ-2 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE). Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Winnertz, 1863) 49F49B66-89CD-5DA2-9461-D85699A863A2 2♂♂, I-3 (18.v–1.vi.2013 and 5–19.x.2013); 1♂, SJ-12. Total: 3♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1925 24192B6E-4153-5B0F-BD08-1BB35EF5D9BF 1♂, I-14; 1♂, K-5. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1925 360CB74B-D21E-57CD-9E2E-02A06751DF5D 3♂♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 45♂♂, SZS-4 (16♂♂ ZFMK, 16♂♂ IUTG, 13♂♂ IZBE); 2♂♂, I-6; 2♂♂, K-4; 1♂, K-6. Total: 53♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Kakheti. Palaearctic. (Staeger, 1840) A71DB4AC-2C11-5165-AC25-44BCBE77EB9F 4♂♂, A-5; 3♂♂, A-7; 1♂, I-9; 1♂, I-10; 1♂, I-11; 1♂, I-12; 1♂, MM-8; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-2. Total: 14♂♂. Adjara, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Holarctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). Lundström, 1916 626B5C75-0A96-54CC-B0CE-008D92114B84 1♂, A-7. Total: 1♂. Adjara. Europe. (Staeger, 1840) 19A91249-D44A-518A-9296-3948FED12795 1♂, SJ-7; 2♂♂, MM-12; 1♂, MM-13; 3♂♂, MM-14. Total: 7♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. (Meigen, 1804) 90573DFF-C175-5755-A3A3-5885415B8DCA 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-3; 2♂♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-8; 2♂♂, MM-12. Total: 8♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Johannsen, 1912 4313126A-4BD6-5D00-BD0B-A8C03AF7ADCF 2♂♂, K-4. Total: 2♂♂. Kakheti. Holarctic. Caspers, 1984 5D451BCF-0935-567E-8CC1-C0410060BA90 1♂, A-3; 1♂, I-3 (24.viii–7.ix.2013); 1♂, SJ-4; 1♂, MM-12; 1♂, K-5. Total: 5♂♂. Adjara, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Europe (Meigen, 1830) 7C6A136E-A13F-5BD5-94BE-0BDE6566B4C2 1♂, A-5. Total: 1♂. Adjara. Palaearctic. (Burghele-Balacesco, 1972) DC45407F-05C5-5889-8FB9-2080F4E812F3 1♂, I-12. Total: ♂. Imereti. Palaearctic. (Lundström, 1911) 7B45499B-1357-5C76-83C4-27E546DD0E4C 1♂ 1♀, MM-1. Total: 1♂ 1♀. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Laštovka & Matile, 1974 89ACE343-4B65-56D1-BC12-532866737E48 5♂♂, MM-2. Total: 5♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Armenia (Joost and Plassmann 1985). (Lundström, 1911) 4F73EF82-103B-5EF8-BC26-2B9AC667EE23 1♂, MM-8; 2♂♂, MM-11. Total: 3♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. (Staeger, 1840) 31C34051-D7C7-56A5-A8CE-8402001B612D 2♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 3♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Kjærandsen, 2009 60FA453D-A68E-560D-9FBC-6A980A27C1BA 1♂, I-10. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe. Winnertz, 1863 0C322548-4A24-5C17-9EF0-89D6D753F517 Fig. 12B 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Meigen, 1804) 51E1C0F0-6F0F-5F32-B31B-2F4BF1E40690 1♂, I-9. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe. (Stannius, 1831) D1CEF64C-BE60-5867-8248-BE4BD5732CB0 1♂, A-5; 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-3; 5♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-2; 8♂♂, MM-8; 5♂♂, MM-11; 4♂♂, MM-12. Total: 26♂♂. Adjara, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. (Dziedzicki, 1910) 5EC4A53E-FB93-58BD-A179-BA75D53378FE 1♂, A-1. Total: 1♂. Adjara. Europe. (Meigen, 1838) AC653FDF-F281-5499-BD1A-B2FF40849186 1♂, SJ-7. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Strobl, 1895 C879A0BE-D234-5323-8E6F-AEBAD1FC4B71 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Meigen, 1818) E83C84B8-F512-52E6-B493-AEFC2C45691B 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Holarctic. Landrock, 1912 F0BAFAF3-7111-5048-87B9-B1354BECCF6F 1♀, SJ-8; 4♂♂ 1♀, MM-8; 1♂, K-6. Total: 5♂♂ 2♀♀. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Lundström, 1913 50C45C2B-DE35-5464-A27A-83AD8C6B2C9D 1♀, I-6. Total: 1♀. Imereti. Palaearctic. (Walker, 1848) 447934FC-6655-505B-AA40-4CDE3F7E998D Fig. 12K 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Zetterstedt, 1838) 282B4262-4F7D-5F0E-91BE-A193474E650B 1♂, K-6. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Europe. Chandler, 1981 ABC06099-8A31-5F57-ADDF-DF21CA285040 1♂, K-5. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Europe. (Perris, 1849) 0848D148-1392-52A1-8E33-F6613DEE3D5C Fig. 12G 1♂, K-4; 7♂♂ 4♀♀, K-5. Total: 8♂♂ 4♀♀. Kakheti. Palaearctic. Matile, 1977 68336123-D4DB-583D-B420-E55E30FBD607 1♂, A-1; 1♂ 1♀, I-6; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂; K-2. Total: 4♂♂ 1♀. Adjara, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Western Palaearctic. Dziedzicki, 1889 0892226D-9E66-5B5D-8652-1733EBC06E80 1♂, I-6; 1♂, K-4. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti, Kakheti. Europe. Mik, 1884 28F22DB6-5FAA-5B9F-9A8A-485262233C45 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-13. Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Laffoon, 1965 ACD09D52-0029-5E65-AFD0-F735B50AACAB 1♂, A-3; 35♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-9; 1♂, I-14; 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-1 (ZFMK); 3♂♂, SJ-4; 2♂♂, SJ-9; 2♂♂, MM-8; 2♂♂, MM-11; 1♂, KK-1. Total: 50♂♂. Adjara, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kvemo Kartli. Holarctic. Dziedzicki, 1884 389A7EDC-456C-529F-86A2-4800B827867D 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-4; 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 93473FF4-C382-5CB4-858B-3748C21D5A00 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 3♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Laštovka, 1963) AF14881B-2BE0-546C-98F2-1BA77DDEADE9 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Palaearctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Meigen, 1830 FDF71E32-7F08-5639-A1A8-7BF09E196F09 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, K-4; Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Europe. Lundström, 1913 CCF0FB87-9255-5834-AE2A-2666E2758C0B 1♂, SJ-7; 3♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-8. Total: 5♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Loew, 1869 CF7B65A6-9F99-5547-9898-71FCD1047EB9 2♂♂, SZS-3 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-14; 2♂♂, K-4. Total: 5♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Kakheti. Holarctic. Lundström, 1911 168A1BE4-7185-55A8-A4F1-31C956DB970D 1♂, SJ-3; 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (De Geer, 1776) 489DC62F-B1AC-5F09-985F-4C8F8C88A7AA 6♂♂ 3♀♀, SZS-3 (IZBE); 19♂♂ 10♀♀, SZS-4 (9♂♂ 5♂♀ZFMK, 8♂♂ 5♀♀ IUTG, 2♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-3 (29.vi–13.vii.2013); 5♂♂ 2♀♀, I-6; 1♀, I-9; 1♂, I-10; 1♀, SK-1; 2♂♂, SJ-1 (IZBE); 2♀♀, SJ-3; 1♂, SJ-4; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, SJ-7; 4♂♂ 4♀♀, SJ-8; 2♂♂ 4♀♀, SJ-9; 1♂, SJ-10; 2♂♂, MM-3; 1♀, MM-6; 2♂♂ 7♀♀, MM-7; 1♂ 1♀, MM-8; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, MM-11; 1♀, MM-12; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂ 2♀♀, KK-1; 1♂, K-4. Total: 54♂♂ 43♀♀. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti. Holarctic (extending to the Oriental region). Dziedzicki, 1884 DC328F65-6563-5066-B5EA-95BFF7C03AFD 4♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-2. Total: 5♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Lundström, 1911 6FB7A634-74E7-508E-B98E-40BDBF81CEF4 4♂♂, SZS-4 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-3 (1–15.vi.2013); 3♂♂, I-6; 2♂♂, I-9; 1♂, I-12; 2♂♂, SK-1; 6♂♂, SJ-8; 5♂♂, SJ-9; 1♂, KK-1; 3♂♂, MM-8; 1♂, MM-13; 7♂♂, MM-14; 3♂♂, K-4; 1♂, K-5. Total: 40♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Chandler, 2001 8B540984-5893-5E81-A541-6CCF5D7D40D0 2♂♂, SZS-3 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, SZS-4 (IUTG). Total: 3♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. Lundström, 1915 65C6AC2E-544B-53A4-BA47-FAD0BDAB78FE 1♂, K-4. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Holarctic. Zaitzev, 1999 00E196B0-0114-5213-8AE1-F3B4BCE591C2 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1925 4B87C45E-E36F-5E12-9C8F-C919B00B0AA3 1♂, SJ-3. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Landrock 1918 2BA23DE1-BF91-52C2-BB7A-1CEAAE498D47 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, MM-11; 3♂♂, MM-14. Total: 5♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Laštovka & Matile, 1969 1C8429B7-C99B-5C74-90A8-7121923B5E3E 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-6; 1♂, KK-1; 3♂♂, K-4. Total: 6♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti. Western Palaearctic. Say, 1823 85DE223E-7BBD-5DF0-8DFF-35673AAE6E5F Jürgenstein et al. 2015: 30. 6♂♂, SZS-4 (3♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-2 (IZBE); 1♂, SJ-5; 3♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 13♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Laštovka, 1972 76A14A57-5F05-540F-A8CF-4BFD42F995C0 Jürgenstein et al. 2015: 31–32. 5♂♂, SZS-3 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 2♂♂, A-1; 1♂, A-3; 1♂, A-7; 10♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-10; 1♂, SK-1; 1♂, SJ-1 (IZBE); 1♂, KK-1; 1♂, MM-7; 1♂, MM-8; 4♂♂, MM-11; 1♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-4; 1♂, K-5; 1♂, K-6. Total: 33♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Imereti, Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Europe. Lundström, 1911 8212DE16-906B-59CE-B68E-382E3D382ECF 4♂♂, SJ-7; 1♂, SJ-8; 2♂♂, MM-14. Total: 7♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Caspers, 1984 B2FC8EFB-E1FC-5EA3-A6D0-DD106AA16E5A 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. Meigen, 1830 CC697F16-89E7-5A5B-88CF-318D45B9B017 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, I-10; 1♂, MM-4. Total: 3♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Meigen, 1804 4EF8C3FA-B79B-5164-B32F-E659BB7E8A1D 1♂, A-1; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 2♂♂. Adjara, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Strobl, 1895 2712016D-F608-5198-BFA1-E8C67314F93F Fig. 12F 1♂, SJ-4; 4♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 6♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 069A0A42-0C58-5516-B00F-08F7B2D5DF38 1♂, I-6; 1♂, I-10; 4♂♂, SJ-7; 5♂♂, SJ-8; 2♂♂, SJ-9; 2♂♂, MM-2. Total: 15♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Winnertz, 1863 E45125F4-298B-596A-936B-F1B731C7C893 1♂, MM-14. Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Holarctic. Dziedzicki, 1884 D7DAFBD5-359D-5476-A192-0461D292B49A 1♂, I-5; 1♂, MM-14. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Walker, 1848 F324D5A3-A78F-53F0-83D5-7D7E41A15B75 1♂, I-10; 3♂♂, SJ-8; 2♂♂, MM-12. Total: 6♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Lundström, 1913 4B62F2C8-AEB8-593D-B92F-D59E9CB0194F 6♂♂, SZS-3 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IUTG, 2♂♂ IZBE);1♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 57♂♂, MM-13; 1♂, MM-14. Total: 67♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Stephens, 1829 507338BC-5E2D-56BA-B18B-E401D5249F87 2♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 2♂♂, MM-12. Total: 5♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Azerbaijan (Zaitzev 2003). Meigen, 1830 7FDFAE45-E491-5B7D-8D7C-67D8A45A647B 2♂♂, SJ-9. Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Winnertz, 1863 6C5B32A1-D503-51F2-B884-37E0A458D6F6 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 2♂♂, A-1; 2♂♂, A-3; 3♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-9; 1♂, I-10; 1♂, MM-11; 4♂♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-2. Total: 16♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Zaitzev, 1998 453F08B4-5EA0-5B4A-878E-C1D5369D5A82 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Meigen, 1818 B415D45E-7D3E-5CA3-9DF2-023E6C2BB15A Jürgenstein et al. 2015: 33. 1♂, K-6. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1941 A15A1C1E-33AD-5875-B014-35551E58BDF0 1♂, I-12. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic. Dziedzicki, 1884 84523617-099F-5544-9D00-98FBD5D4EC29 3♂♂, I-6; 2♂♂, SJ-4. Total: 5♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Loew, 1869 A4ABFEFD-FFE8-5B71-9065-8BDB1DD9DAF2 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic. Meigen, 1830 DB1CA734-9D81-5F92-8505-596C8EA2B61C 10♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-14; 1♂, SJ-4. Total: 12♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Dziedzicki, 1884 786E2002-D0C5-5564-9975-9B362DC69448 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 2♂♂, I-6. Total: 3♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Western Palaearctic (see also comment in Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). sordida van der Wulp, 1874 5D4E6C13-B7A2-59EF-B098-63492EDC3F8C 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 3♂♂, SZS-4 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-4; 4♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 6♂♂, KK-1; 1♂, MM-11. Total: 19♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Landrock, 1927 4CA5DAE2-8C28-5A68-924A-D11C6FC9C6DF 4♂♂, SZS-3 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IZBE); 42♂♂, SZS-4 (13♂♂ ZFMK, 16♂♂ IUTG, 13♂♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-10; 1♂, SJ-1 (IZBE); 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK). Total: 49♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Dziedzicki, 1884) BD23232A-7516-5A32-883F-C4954A2F2405 9♂♂, SJ-8; 4♂♂, SJ-9. Total: 13♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Zaitzev, 1998 69C3EFEE-8D2C-5945-A872-F526D23FF616 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Europe. Zaitzev, 1999 68D3862B-E35D-5A93-AAEC-DD76050A7DE0 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Laštovka, 1963) 29B8AD76-6C64-5F7D-A53C-A34D4823B281 1♂, I-10. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe. Staeger, 1840 2AB9613F-06D8-52B9-8DBD-8430B6414A35 1♂, SZS-3 (ZFMK); 5♂♂, MM-13; 12♂♂, MM-14; 1♂, K-2. Total: 19♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Holarctic. Chandler, 1988 FAB2160F-F6A7-5289-8B33-173651B55C30 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK). Total: 1♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Europe. Stannius, 1831 2608ACC1-ABCA-5320-865F-689BB5CA3207 3♂♂, A-1; 2♂♂, A-7; 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK). Total: 6♂♂. Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Western Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 1A872E82-3849-5260-93D8-1B73E8288457 1♂, MM-10. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Western Palaearctic. (Becker, 1908) F77F38C2-E1BC-5C21-80E6-2D90D2622030 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 3♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. In Transcaucasia recorded from Armenia (Joost and Plassmann 1985). (Walker, 1856) 72FD0674-EA83-5E11-B8C2-5811E31D493C 2♂♂, I-6. Total: 2♂♂. Imereti. Holarctic. Dziedzicki, 1889 0DAC051C-2CF8-5F92-9A7F-18F84423308A 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. (Zetterstedt, 1852) FF0C737F-E055-5213-BC20-1E80FD73C7DC 2♂♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-8. Total: 3♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Winnertz, 1863 38D49FE8-D199-5D32-A78B-97CC0F7989C7 1♂, A-7; 1♂, SJ-4; 2♂♂, SJ-8; 2♂♂, SJ-9. Total: 6♂♂. Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 BAD7C9FD-3106-5F5D-ACF5-959E6306EFD2 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 8♂♂, I-6. Total: 9♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti. Palaearctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). (van der Wulp, 1859) C2464E28-4DA3-5FD0-A233-962B20CBA232 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-9; 1♂, I-10. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti. Palaearctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Dziedzicki, 1889 D9887017-89FA-5254-8022-6B772244F284 1♂, SJ-8. Total: 1♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Palaearctic. Winnertz, 1863 53D73012-7EE7-598C-AD68-791855EA8D62 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic. Dziedzicki, 1889 334D7AFA-1FFA-5334-94C0-96AD497F9AC6 6♂♂, MM-12. Total: 6♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic. Winnertz, 1863 2BBFDCF1-AEBB-5E4B-B4F4-909F69F5933A 9♂♂, I-6; 1♂, I-9; 4♂♂, I-10; 1♂, SJ-9; 8♂♂, MM-8; 1♂, MM-9. Total: 24♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Winnertz, 1863 E5C7B49E-CF57-56B8-B83B-702EEC76D8CC Fig. 12H 2♂♂, SZS-4 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, I-10; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Holarctic, extending to the Oriental region. Winnertz, 1863 5D13AECB-798F-5821-9218-0D5620610149 1♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-8; 1♂, MM-2; 1♂, MM-8. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Western Europe. (Edwards, 1925) 23A0F64A-3891-5000-92D1-5437E8E489B3 1♂, I-3 (13–27.vi.2013); 2♂♂, SJ-4; 1♂, K-4. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Holarctic. (Stannius, 1831) DD780163-2E5C-5AA7-A262-6A0979937328 1♂, K-2. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Holarctic. Chandler, 1991 C200A2C5-524A-5A4F-8775-F72927C9AAEB 18♂♂, MM-13; 18♂♂, MM-14; 8♂♂, K-2. Total: 44♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi; Kakheti. Western Palaearctic. Bechev, 1997 3ED2F776-BB4D-5845-90D9-EB00AA6DC7BB 1♂, MM-5. Total: 1♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Edwards, 1925 DBDAFE0F-73A7-53A5-B9E6-741DCC2CE330 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 6♂♂, I-6; 3♂♂, I-9; 2♂♂, I-14; 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK); 1♂, KK-1; 10♂♂, MM-13; 14♂♂, MM-14. Total: 38♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Edwards, 1925 44976C6B-5EA2-51A0-8710-4B47BC790C7B 1♂, SJ-3; 1♂, SJ-4. Total: 2♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti. Europe. Edwards, 1925 4BB9F4C2-60C0-5920-82E8-C70D28A2F99D 5♂♂, MM-13. Total: 5♂♂. Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. (Meigen, 1804) 87654F15-0479-5360-ABF6-AD9806969053 2♂♂, A-3; 1♂, MM-13; 14♂♂, MM-14; 7♂♂, K-2. Total: 24♂♂. Adjara, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi, Kakheti. Palaearctic. Edwards, 1925 89B4B4D0-243E-5505-907E-2A3C5725206E Fig. 12 I 1♂, SK-1; 3♂♂, SJ-2 (1♂ ZFMK, 1♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 2♂♂, MM-12. Total: 6♂♂. Shida Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Lundström, 1911 34C6D066-B47D-5502-9EC5-BB1B543748A0 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Europe. (Zetterstedt, 1852) DEAEFA39-2B5C-5EEA-89F4-8DAB9D2D8D61 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic. Lundström, 1913 D5A7B4C6-076C-5583-AC0B-12A352038A11 2♂♂, I-6; 1♂, KK-1; 1♂, MM-12. Total: 4♂♂. Imereti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Palaearctic. Lundström, 1911 6636485D-1F0D-5DF4-A574-291CDA56AC1B 2♂♂, A-7. Total: 2♂♂. Adjara. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). Gagne, 1981 13B50CBB-AAE4-57FF-99FF-08B8A6A649DC 1♂, I-6. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic. van der Wulp, 1881 690238D5-2DA9-5A02-B0D0-1C2C09E81FBA 1♂, I-17. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Holarctic. Zaitzev & Menzel, 1996 EDFF1E14-CE1C-5D9D-9F0E-264979A5CF00 4♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SK-1. Total: 5♂♂. Imereti, Shida Kartli. Palaearctic. Lundström, 1909 B7F405DA-A8A0-5447-85D1-466748A9FCD4 1♂, I-10. Total: 1♂. Imereti. Northern Europe. Kjæranden and Søli (2020) recently reinstated the species and provided detailed figures of the male terminalia of the allied species. (Meigen, 1830) F32B02E2-F1B1-527E-852B-9A1957148419 9♂♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-4; 1♂, SJ-8; 2♂♂, K-4; 2♂♂, K-5. Total: 15♂♂. Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kakheti. Holarctic. Loew, 1869 83BDCAF8-3701-5FF1-88FD-E4E9205138DB 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 2♂♂, SJ-8; 1♂, SJ-9. Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003). (Wiedemann, 1817) 1BCCDD70-5B78-5C06-9869-EDF88C2054BE Fig. 12J 1♂, SZS-3 (IZBE); 5♂♂, SZS-4 (2♂♂ ZFMK, 2♂♂ IUTG, 1♂ IZBE); 1♂, SJ-4; 2♂♂, MM-12; 1♂, MM-13; 3♂♂, MM-14. Total: 13♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskhetha-Mthianethi. Europe. Caspers, 1980 1B78838F-81E5-5FC6-BD7F-8ADBA1E4680A 1♂, SJ-2 (ZFMK); 1♂, SJ-4; 1♂, SJ-7; 1♂, KK-1; 5♂♂, K-4. Total: 9♂♂. Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti. Palaearctic. (Meigen, 1818) 210A89BA-8F63-5F49-BDBF-C7E3973EABEE 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, I-6; 1♂, SJ-3; 1♂, SJ-5. Total: 4♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Barendrecht, 1938 463EE4A2-F57B-5644-90FE-C77C2EBB1AE0 1♂, K-4. Total: 1♂. Kakheti. Europe. A very rare species with a scattered distribution in Europe: recorded from the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland (Chandler 2013). There is an unpublished record also from Estonia (personal observation). Winnertz 1863 168B76C8-5058-5C37-ADDA-15117E805C9F 10♂♂, SZS-4 (4♂♂ ZFMK, 3♂♂ IUTG, 3♂♂ IZBE). Total: 10♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi. Palaearctic. (Staeger, 1840) 5A1DC03A-FFC5-5FD2-BF50-FC164B06B610 1♂, SZS-2; 1♂, SZS-4 (ZFMK); 1♂, A-1; 2♂♂, SJ-9. Total: 5♂♂. Samegrelo-Zemo Svanethi, Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti. Holarctic. Listed to occur in Transcaucasia without further details (Zaitzev 2003).

Discussion

This is the first attempt to provide a synoptic list of species of the Transcaucasian region. However, the recorded 246 species (245 from original study + one from literature data) of fungus gnats are the result of a preliminary survey, while further sweeping studies will probably increase that number considerably (see also below). As expected, the majority of the recorded species are widely distributed in the Palaearctic or Holarctic regions (38% and 26% of the recorded species, respectively), while 22% of species are restricted to Europe and 7% to the Western Palaearctic (Fig. 13). In addition, one species was so far known only from the Eastern Palaearctic and 17 species (11 described and 6 undescribed) are classified (tentatively) as Caucasian endemics. These proportions can change as fungus gnats are rather poorly known in several Palaearctic regions including the East Palaearctic, Asia Minor, Central Asia, as well as other regions in Caucasia.
Figure 13.

Grouping of the recorded Georgian fungus gnat species in accordance with their known distribution.

Grouping of the recorded Georgian fungus gnat species in accordance with their known distribution. The estimated species richness is the highest when calculated using Jackknife-2 nonparametric estimator (404 species, Fig. 14). This method has been discussed as possibly overestimating the true richness (e.g. Poulin 1998). On the other hand, Smith and van Belle (1984) showed that both Jackknife and Bootstrap estimators underestimate the actual number of species if there is a large number of rare species considered and number of samples is low. That can also be the case in the current data as the number of recorded singletons and doubletons is exceptionally high (82 and 42 species, respectively) and the number of species recorded from one sample only (= unique species) constitutes 43% of the observed diversity (107 out of the 251). Within the listed species, only nine were recorded from more than ten samples and 31 species from 5–10 samples. To compare, relatively well studied countries of similar size in Central and Northern Europe (e.g. Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Estonia) have roughly 600 fungus gnat species recorded (Ševčík and Košel 2009, Ševčík and Kurina 2011a, b, pers. observation). Taking into account the mountainous landscape, high diversity of habitats, microclimates in Georgia and that several regions were not covered by sampling of the current study (see Fig. 1), it can be presumed that the observed 245 species (+ one based on the literature data) do not constitute more than half of the actual diversity, probably less. Species accumulation curves (EstimateS, Vesrion 9.1.0.). Three nonparametric estimators (Chao 2, Jackknife 2 and Bootstrap) of total species richness are calculated. S(est) is the cumulative number of species observed. Surprisingly, the most abundant species was (769 specimens from 19 samples) followed by (175 specimens from 14 samples). In the European boreal and temperate regions, the most abundant species belong frequently to the subfamily and/or to the genera Staeger and Rondani. Several of the recorded species considerably increase the knowledge of their distribution, the most remarkable of them include: (earlier from Japan only), (earlier from Europe and Japan), (earlier from the Mediterranean Islands), (earlier with scattered distribution in Europe), (earlier from Europe only). From the material underlining this study, four new species have been described earlier (Kurina and Jürgenstein 2013; Kurina 2018; Ševčík et al. 2020), three new species are described above and six putatively new species are left to be described in the future due to insufficiency of the available material or its quality. More exhaustive sampling will naturally yield a number of new taxa to be described in the future.
  1 in total

1.  Every Single Specimen Counts: A New Docosia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) Species Described from a Singleton.

Authors:  Olavi Kurina; Heli Kirik
Journal:  Insects       Date:  2021-11-29       Impact factor: 2.769
  1 in total

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