Eosinophilic meningitis (EOM) is defined by a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophil count of less than 10% of total CSF white blood cells(1). The main cause of EOM is Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Humans become infected mainly through the consumption of or contact with contaminated food or drink(2). Patients with EOM usually present with acute severe headache(1). As fever and neck stiffness are uncommon in EOM, it may be misdiagnosed if physicians are not sufficiently aware of the condition(1). History of consuming raw freshwater snails or contaminated food is a crucial clue for EOM diagnosis (1,2).EOM is an emerging and often neglected parasitic disease that can be found worldwide(3). A review published in 2008 found 2,827 cases of EOM reported from 30 countries(4). In addition, there are an estimated 0.3-2 infectedpeople per 100,000 population per year with occasional outbreaks(5). From 1997 to 2008, there were 13 outbreaks in mainland China alone(6). If EOM is left untreated or undiagnosed, individuals are at increased risk of several severe neurological complications such as encephalitis or radiculomyelitis (7-9). The risk of encephalitis in untreated or undetected cases of EOM is 26% per day(7).If treated with analgesic alone, the severe headaches caused by EOM can last up to 49 days(10). However, this duration can be reduced with corticosteroid administration(11), as it decreases inflammation in the meninges and brain. The most recent systematic review on corticosteroids in EOM was a Cochrane review published in 2015(12). It included one randomized controlled trial, which compared corticosteroids with placebo. It is recommended that systematic reviews be updated every 2 years to include any newly published articles(13). We thus updated and examined studies of corticosteroid treatment in EOM regardless of comparators.
Materials and methods
This study is a systematic review focused on the effects of corticosteroids in human EOM. We included randomized controlled trials of corticosteroid treatment for EOM regardless of comparators. The types of interventions were corticosteroids vs. placebo or other active treatments. The participants in the studies examined were EOM patients aged 15 years or older(12). Those who had already taken corticosteroids prior to study participation were excluded.We searched five databases in this review: PubMed, Central database, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science. The search terms used were “meningit*, eosinophil*”, “Angiostrongylus cantonensis”, and “randomized controlled trials”. The full list of search terms are shown in Appendix 1 (See supplementary material). The final search was performed on November 22, 2019.After duplication removal, initial screening was carried out for nonrelevant articles. Studies were considered relevant if they had been conducted to evaluate the role of corticosteroids in any form of headache caused by EOM. The full-text reports were subsequently reviewed by two independent authors (SK, KS). Of these, any randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis. The primary outcomes were number of patients with persistent headache at 2 weeks after treatment and duration of headache by corticosteroid treatment regimen. Other outcomes included number of patients who underwent repeated lumbar puncture and side effects of treatment. We presented frequency with percentage for categorical variables. Continuous variables were described using median and range. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to compare to compare a risk between two groups from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Biases of eligible studies were evaluated across six domains (sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants/personnel and outcome assessors, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other potential sources of bias) by two authors independently (SK, KS). Biases were categorized as low risk, high risk, or unclear according to the guidelines specified in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions(12). Disagreements were reviewed and reported by a third reviewer (CN).
Results
We found a total of 288 articles in the following five databases: Scopus (254 articles), PubMed (21 articles), Web of Science (9 articles), Central database (3 articles), and CINAHL Plus (1 article). Two hundred fifty-seven remained after duplication removal (Fig. 1), of which 252 were excluded as nonrelevant. In total, five articles were selected for full-text review (11,14-17). Of these, only two met the study criteria. With regard to the excluded studies, one did not evaluate outcomes or headache, and the other two were not randomized controlled trials.
Fig. 1-
Study flow of the systematic review on corticosteroid treatment in eosinophilic meningitis. RCT = randomized controlled trial.
The first of the remaining studies was published in 2000 and enrolled 110 EOM patients(11). This study found that treatment with prednisolone resulted in fewer patients experiencing headaches at 2 weeks after treatment and shorter duration of headache when compared with placebo (9.1% vs 45.5%; RR 0.20 with 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.48 and 5 days vs. 13 days, respectively). The number of cases of repeated lumbar puncture was also significantly higher in the placebo group than in the prednisolone group (22 times vs. 7 times; RR 0.32 with 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.68), as shown in Table I.
TABLE I -
Two randomized controlled trials of corticosteroid treatment in eosinophilic meningitis
Factors
Study 1: 2000
Study 2: 2009
Active
Control
Active
Control
LP = lumbar puncture, NA = not available, Pred: prednisolone.
Treatment
Pred
Placebo
Pred + albendazole
Pred
No. of patients
55
55
53
51
No. of patients with headache at 2 weeks (n, %)
5 (9.1%)
25 (45.5%)
0
1 (2.0%)
Median (range) duration of headache, days
5 (1-60)
13 (1-56)
3 (1-14)
3 (1-15)
No. of patients with repeated LP (n, %)
7 (12.8%)
22 (40.0%)
NA
NA
The second study was published in 2009 and conducted in 104 EOM patients(17). It compared prednisolone plus albendazole with prednisolone alone and found no significant difference in terms of the primary outcome. No data on repeated lumbar puncture were reported (Tab. I).Both studies were conducted in Thailand, used only oral prednisolone, and reported no serious side effects from either prednisolone or prednisolone plus albendazole. Allocation, concealment, and stratification were not reported in either study. The second study was not blinded (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 -
Biases of the included studies in the systematic review on corticosteroid treatment in eosinophilic meningitis.
Discussion
Although there were two eligible studies, we were unable to perform a conventional meta-analysis or network meta-analysis due to the inconsistent treatment arms and incomplete cycle, respectively. As a result, this report was defined as a systematic review.In both studies, oral prednisolone with or without albendazole yielded favorable outcomes in terms of both numbers of EOM patients with headache and duration of headache after 2 weeks of treatments. These findings were compatible with those of other single-arm studies examining the effects of prednisolone alone vs. prednisolone plus anthelmintics (15,18,19), as shown in Table II. The corticosteroid-based regimen with albendazole and that with mebendazole yielded comparable headache durations in the two studies in this review (3-4 days vs. 3-5 days), but the 1-week prednisolone treatment had higher numbers of patients with headache at 2 weeks (11.6%). There were no serious side effects of corticosteroid found in any of the five studies examined.
TABLE II -
Previous single-arm studies of corticosteroid treatment in eosinophilic meningitis
Factors
Study 1: 2004
Study 2: 2004
Study 3: 2006
LP = lumbar puncture, NA = not available.
Treatment
Prednisolone 1 week
Prednisolone + albendazole
Prednisolone + mebendazole
No. of patients
52
26
41
No. of patients with headache at 2 weeks (n, %)
6 (11.6%)
3 (11.6%)
4 (9.8%)
Median (range) duration of headache, days
NA
4 (1-17)
3 (1-20)
No. of patients with repeated LP (n, %)
1 (2.0%)
0
3 (7.4%)
There were some limitations in these studies. First, both studies were conducted in northeast Thailand, an area endemic for EOM. Second, some information was not reported in the randomized controlled trials such as concealment or blinding. These items were reported as possible biases (Fig. 2). Finally, only oral prednisolone was administered for a duration of 2 weeks.
Conclusion
Two weeks of treatment with oral corticosteroid with or without albendazole reduced headaches in EOM patients.
#1
Search meningit*[Title/Abstract]
#2
Search eosinophil*[Title/Abstract]
#3
Search parasites
#4
Search ((parasitic diseases) OR helminthiasis OR (nematode infections))
#5
Search (parasit* OR helminth* OR nematod*)
#6
Search Angiostrongylus cantonensis
#7
Search ((angiostrongylus cantonensis) OR (A. cantonenesis))
#8
Search (angiostrongylus cantonensis) OR (a. cantonensis)
Fig. 1-
Fig. 2 -