Xing Wang1, Shiyu Lin2, Shinan Gan3, Yeqing Gu4, Ying Yang3, Qing Zhang5, Li Liu1, Ge Meng3, Zhanxin Yao3,6, Dong Zheng3, Hongmei Wu3, Shunming Zhang3, Yawen Wang3, Tingjing Zhang3, Shaomei Sun1, Qiyu Jia1, Kun Song1, Xiao-Hui Wu7, Yuntang Wu3, Kaijun Niu8,9,10,11. 1. Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. 2. Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. 3. Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. 4. Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. 5. Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. niukaijun@tmu.edu.cn. 6. Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China. 7. College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. 8. Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. nkj0809@gmail.com. 9. Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. nkj0809@gmail.com. 10. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China. nkj0809@gmail.com. 11. Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China. nkj0809@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: High plain water intake (PWI) lowered body weight, reduced total energy intake, and increased fat oxidation and energy consumption. Because such factors are closely linked to metabolic disorders, which are the main risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) onset, it was speculated that higher PWI was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD. However, no prior human studies have examined such relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between PWI and newly diagnosed NAFLD in a large-scale adult population. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: A total of 16,434 participants from 2010 to 2019 in Tianjin, China, were included in this cross-sectional study. PWI was assessed by using a validated self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and it was categorized into three subgroups for analysis: ≤3 cups/day, 4-7 cups/day, and >7 cups/day. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship between PWI and NAFLD. RESULTS: Among 16,434 participants, 20.5% (3,364) had newly diagnosed NAFLD. After controlling for demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, and dietary intake, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for having NAFLD across PWI categories were 1.00 (reference) for ≤3 cups/day, 0.84 (0.72, 0.97) for 4-7 cups/day, and 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) for >7 cups/day in males and 1.00 (reference) for ≤3 cups/day, 1.02 (0.81, 1.27) for 4-7 cups/day, and 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) for >7 cups/day in females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that higher PWI is independently related to lower newly diagnosed NAFLD among males, but not females. Further studies are needed to explore the causal relationship.
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: High plain water intake (PWI) lowered body weight, reduced total energy intake, and increased fat oxidation and energy consumption. Because such factors are closely linked to metabolic disorders, which are the main risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) onset, it was speculated that higher PWI was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD. However, no prior human studies have examined such relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between PWI and newly diagnosed NAFLD in a large-scale adult population. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: A total of 16,434 participants from 2010 to 2019 in Tianjin, China, were included in this cross-sectional study. PWI was assessed by using a validated self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and it was categorized into three subgroups for analysis: ≤3 cups/day, 4-7 cups/day, and >7 cups/day. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship between PWI and NAFLD. RESULTS: Among 16,434 participants, 20.5% (3,364) had newly diagnosed NAFLD. After controlling for demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, and dietary intake, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for having NAFLD across PWI categories were 1.00 (reference) for ≤3 cups/day, 0.84 (0.72, 0.97) for 4-7 cups/day, and 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) for >7 cups/day in males and 1.00 (reference) for ≤3 cups/day, 1.02 (0.81, 1.27) for 4-7 cups/day, and 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) for >7 cups/day in females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that higher PWI is independently related to lower newly diagnosed NAFLD among males, but not females. Further studies are needed to explore the causal relationship.
Authors: Deepak N Amarapurkar; Estsuko Hashimoto; Laurentius A Lesmana; José D Sollano; Pei-Jer Chen; Khean-Lee Goh Journal: J Gastroenterol Hepatol Date: 2007-06 Impact factor: 4.029
Authors: D Lee Gorden; Pavlina T Ivanova; David S Myers; J Oliver McIntyre; Michael N VanSaun; J Kelly Wright; Lynn M Matrisian; H Alex Brown Journal: PLoS One Date: 2011-08-09 Impact factor: 3.240