Rachel R Kelz1,2,3, Todd A Schwartz4,5, Elliott R Haut6,7,8,9,10. 1. Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 2. Center for Surgery and Health Economics, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 3. Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 4. Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 5. Statistical Editor, JAMA Surgery. 6. Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 7. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 8. Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 9. The Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 10. Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.