Endang Mutiawati1,2, Marhami Fahriani3, Sukamto S Mamada4, Jonny Karunia Fajar3,5, Andri Frediansyah6, Helnida Anggun Maliga7, Muhammad Ilmawan7, Talha Bin Emran8, Youdiil Ophinni9, Ichsan Ichsan3,10, Nasrul Musadir1,2, Ali A Rabaan11, Kuldeep Dhama12, Syahrul Syahrul1,2, Firzan Nainu4, Harapan Harapan3,10,13. 1. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia. 2. Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia. 3. Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia. 4. Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia. 5. Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia. 6. Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia. 7. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia. 8. Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh. 9. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. 10. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia. 11. Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia. 12. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India. 13. Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to determine the global prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to assess their association with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Moreover, this study aimed to discuss the possible pathobiological mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint databases (MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Researchsquare) were searched on November 10th, 2020. Data on the characteristics of the study (anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19) were extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess research quality. Moreover, the pooled prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia were calculated, and the association between anosmia and dysgeusia in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was assessed using the Z test. Results: Out of 32,142 COVID-19 patients from 107 studies, anosmia was reported in 12,038 patients with a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 36.5%, 47.2%); whereas, dysgeusia was reported in 11,337 patients out of 30,901 COVID-19 patients from 101 studies, with prevalence of 36.6% (95% CI: 35.2%, 45.2%), worldwide. Furthermore, the prevalence of anosmia was 10.2-fold higher (OR: 10.21; 95% CI: 6.53, 15.96, p < 0.001) and that of dysgeusia was 8.6-fold higher (OR: 8.61; 95% CI: 5.26, 14.11, p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients compared to those with other respiratory infections or COVID-19 like illness. To date, no study has assessed the association of anosmia and dysgeusia with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Conclusion: Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the other non-COVID-19 respiratory infections. Several possible mechanisms have been hypothesized; however, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223204. Copyright:
Background: The present study aimed to determine the global prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to assess their association with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Moreover, this study aimed to discuss the possible pathobiological mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint databases (MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Researchsquare) were searched on November 10th, 2020. Data on the characteristics of the study (anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19) were extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess research quality. Moreover, the pooled prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia were calculated, and the association between anosmia and dysgeusia in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was assessed using the Z test. Results: Out of 32,142 COVID-19patients from 107 studies, anosmia was reported in 12,038 patients with a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 36.5%, 47.2%); whereas, dysgeusia was reported in 11,337 patients out of 30,901 COVID-19patients from 101 studies, with prevalence of 36.6% (95% CI: 35.2%, 45.2%), worldwide. Furthermore, the prevalence of anosmia was 10.2-fold higher (OR: 10.21; 95% CI: 6.53, 15.96, p < 0.001) and that of dysgeusia was 8.6-fold higher (OR: 8.61; 95% CI: 5.26, 14.11, p < 0.001) in COVID-19patients compared to those with other respiratory infections or COVID-19 like illness. To date, no study has assessed the association of anosmia and dysgeusia with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Conclusion:Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent in COVID-19patients compared to those with the other non-COVID-19respiratory infections. Several possible mechanisms have been hypothesized; however, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223204. Copyright:
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