3D printing performance of gels from wheat starch, flour and whole meal.

The effects of material composition on the quality of 3D-printed food using wheat starch, flour and whole meal were explored. Results showed that samples molded by wheat starch and whole meal obtained a more accurate and better quality printing than wheat flour. Wheat flour had the worst printable capacity as it gets stuck easily to the wall of the printer. Starch-protein complexes appeared in the samples of wheat flour and whole meal. Whole meal constituted protein, fat, fiber and starch to form various complexes, which strengthen the gel network cross-linking, retard starch aging significantly, and enhance the water binding capacity than just the starch only sample. Printed samples using whole meal still possess a soft and elastic texture after long-time storage. Overall, whole meal with higher protein, fat and fiber content was better for food 3D printing than wheat starch and flour.