Giuseppe Annino1,2, Cristian Romagnoli2,3, Andrea Zanela4, Giovanni Melchiorri1,5, Valerio Viero5, Elvira Padua6, Vincenzo Bonaiuto2. 1. Department of Medicine Systems, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy. 2. Sport Engineering Lab, Department of Industrial Engineering, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy. 3. Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47900 Rimini, Italy. 4. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Lab, ENEA "Casaccia" Research Centre, via Anguillarese, 00301 Rome, Italy. 5. Italian Swimming Federation, Stadio Olimpico Curva Nord, 00135 Rome, Italy. 6. Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To date, studies on muscle force and power-velocity (F-v and P-v) relationships performed in water are absent. AIM: The goal of this study is to derive the F-v and P-v regression models of water polo players in water vertical thrust performance at increasing load. METHODS: After use of a control object for direct linear transformation, displacement over the water and elapsed time was measured, by using a high-speed 2D-videoanalysis system, on 14 players involved in the study. RESULTS: Intra-operator and player's performance interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) reliability showed an excellent level of reproducibility for all kinematic and dynamic measurements considered in this study with a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 4.5%. Results of this study have shown that an exponential force-velocity relationship seems to explain better the propulsive force exerted in the water in lifting increasing loads compared to the linear one, while the power and velocity have been shown to follow a second-order polynomial regression model. CONCLUSION: Given the accuracy of the video analysis, the high reliability and the specificity of the results, it is pointed out that video analysis can be a valid method to determine force-velocity and power-velocity curves in a specific environment to evaluate the neuromuscular profile of each water polo player.
BACKGROUND: To date, studies on muscle force and power-velocity (F-v and P-v) relationships performed in water are absent. AIM: The goal of this study is to derive the F-v and P-v regression models of water polo players in water vertical thrust performance at increasing load. METHODS: After use of a control object for direct linear transformation, displacement over the water and elapsed time was measured, by using a high-speed 2D-videoanalysis system, on 14 players involved in the study. RESULTS: Intra-operator and player's performance interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) reliability showed an excellent level of reproducibility for all kinematic and dynamic measurements considered in this study with a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 4.5%. Results of this study have shown that an exponential force-velocity relationship seems to explain better the propulsive force exerted in the water in lifting increasing loads compared to the linear one, while the power and velocity have been shown to follow a second-order polynomial regression model. CONCLUSION: Given the accuracy of the video analysis, the high reliability and the specificity of the results, it is pointed out that video analysis can be a valid method to determine force-velocity and power-velocity curves in a specific environment to evaluate the neuromuscular profile of each water polo player.
Entities:
Keywords:
biomechanics; force-velocity relationship; power-velocity relationship; video analysis; water polo
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