Jessica A Montresor-López1, Stephanie R Reading2, Jeffrey D Yanosky3, Murray A Mittleman4, Ronny A Bell5, Tessa L Crume6, Dana Dabelea6, Lawrence Dolan7, Ralph B D'Agostino8, Santica M Marcovina9, Catherine Pihoker10, Kristi Reynolds2, Elaine Urbina11, Angela D Liese12, Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá13, J Carson Smith14, P Jacob Bueno de Mesquita1, Robin C Puett15. 1. Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 255 Valley Dr., Suite 2234, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. 2. Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles Ave #2, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA. 3. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 700 HMC Crescent Road, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. 4. Department of Epidemiology, TH Chan Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. 5. Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Dr., Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. 6. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Center, 13001 E. 17th Place, Mail Stop B119, Fitzsimons Building, Room W3110, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. 7. Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. 8. Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 475 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA. 9. Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, 401 Queen Anne Avenue North UW, Mailbox 359119, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. 10. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE 4th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA. 11. Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, C4 Clinic, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Discovery 1 461, 915 Greene St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. 13. Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E6616, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. 14. Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 255 Valley Dr., Suite 2234, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. 15. Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 255 Valley Dr., Suite 2234, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. Electronic address: rpuett@umd.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of chronic exposures to particulate and traffic-related air pollution on allostatic load (AL) score, a marker of cumulative biological risk, among youth with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were drawn from five clinical sites of the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study (n = 2338). Baseline questionnaires, anthropometric measures, and a fasting blood test were taken at a clinic visit between 2001 and 2005. AL was operationalized using 10 biomarkers reflecting cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory risk. Annual residential exposures to PM2.5 and proximity to heavily-trafficked major roadways were estimated for each participant. Poisson regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were conducted for each exposure. RESULTS: No significant associations were observed between exposures to PM2.5 or proximity to traffic and AL score, however analyses were suggestive of effect modification by race for residential distance to heavily-trafficked major roadways (p = 0.02). In stratified analyses, residing <100, 100-<200 and 200-<400 m compared to 400 m or more from heavily-trafficked major roadways was associated with 11%, 26% and 14% increases in AL score, respectively (95% CIs: -4, 29; 9, 45; -1, 30) for non-white participants compared to 6%, -2%, and -2% changes (95% CIs: -2, 15; -10, 7; -8, 6) for white participants. CONCLUSIONS: Among this population of youth with type 1 diabetes, we did not observe consistent relationships between chronic exposures to particulate and traffic-related air pollution and changes in AL score, however associations for traffic-related pollution exposures may differ by race/ethnicity and warrant further examination.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of chronic exposures to particulate and traffic-related air pollution on allostatic load (AL) score, a marker of cumulative biological risk, among youth with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were drawn from five clinical sites of the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study (n = 2338). Baseline questionnaires, anthropometric measures, and a fasting blood test were taken at a clinic visit between 2001 and 2005. AL was operationalized using 10 biomarkers reflecting cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory risk. Annual residential exposures to PM2.5 and proximity to heavily-trafficked major roadways were estimated for each participant. Poisson regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were conducted for each exposure. RESULTS: No significant associations were observed between exposures to PM2.5 or proximity to traffic and AL score, however analyses were suggestive of effect modification by race for residential distance to heavily-trafficked major roadways (p = 0.02). In stratified analyses, residing <100, 100-<200 and 200-<400 m compared to 400 m or more from heavily-trafficked major roadways was associated with 11%, 26% and 14% increases in AL score, respectively (95% CIs: -4, 29; 9, 45; -1, 30) for non-white participants compared to 6%, -2%, and -2% changes (95% CIs: -2, 15; -10, 7; -8, 6) for white participants. CONCLUSIONS: Among this population of youth with type 1 diabetes, we did not observe consistent relationships between chronic exposures to particulate and traffic-related air pollution and changes in AL score, however associations for traffic-related pollution exposures may differ by race/ethnicity and warrant further examination.
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