David M Stieb1,2, Greg J Evans3, Teresa M To4,5, Pascale S J Lakey6, Manabu Shiraiwa6, Marianne Hatzopoulou7, Laura Minet7, Jeffrey R Brook3,4, Richard T Burnett2, Scott A Weichenthal8,9. 1. Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau and. 2. School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 3. Department of Chemical Engineering. 4. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and. 5. Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 6. Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and. 7. Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 8. Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 9. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Abstract
Rationale: Evidence linking outdoor air pollution with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) incidence and mortality is largely based on ecological comparisons between regions that may differ in factors such as access to testing and control measures that may not be independent of air pollution concentrations. Moreover, studies have yet to focus on key mechanisms of air pollution toxicity such as oxidative stress. Objectives: To conduct a within-city analysis of spatial variations in COVID-19 incidence and the estimated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung lining fluid attributable to fine particulate matter (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ⩽2.5 μm [PM2.5]). Methods: Sporadic and outbreak-related COVID-19 case counts, testing data, population data, and sociodemographic data for 140 neighborhoods were obtained from the City of Toronto. ROS estimates were based on a mathematical model of ROS generation in lung lining fluid in response to iron and copper in PM2.5. Spatial variations in long-term average ROS were predicted using a land-use regression model derived from measurements of iron and copper in PM2.5. Data were analyzed using negative binomial regression models adjusting for covariates identified using a directed acyclic graph and accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Measurements and Main Results: A significant positive association was observed between neighborhood-level ROS and COVID-19 incidence (incidence rate ratio = 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.15 per interquartile range ROS). Effect modification by neighborhood-level measures of racialized group membership and socioeconomic status was also identified. Conclusions: Examination of neighborhood characteristics associated with COVID-19 incidence can identify inequalities and generate hypotheses for future studies.
Rationale: Evidence linking outdoor air pollution with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) incidence and mortality is largely based on ecological comparisons between regions that may differ in factors such as access to testing and control measures that may not be independent of air pollution concentrations. Moreover, studies have yet to focus on key mechanisms of air pollution toxicity such as oxidative stress. Objectives: To conduct a within-city analysis of spatial variations in COVID-19 incidence and the estimated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung lining fluid attributable to fine particulate matter (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ⩽2.5 μm [PM2.5]). Methods: Sporadic and outbreak-related COVID-19 case counts, testing data, population data, and sociodemographic data for 140 neighborhoods were obtained from the City of Toronto. ROS estimates were based on a mathematical model of ROS generation in lung lining fluid in response to iron and copper in PM2.5. Spatial variations in long-term average ROS were predicted using a land-use regression model derived from measurements of iron and copper in PM2.5. Data were analyzed using negative binomial regression models adjusting for covariates identified using a directed acyclic graph and accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Measurements and Main Results: A significant positive association was observed between neighborhood-level ROS and COVID-19 incidence (incidence rate ratio = 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.15 per interquartile range ROS). Effect modification by neighborhood-level measures of racialized group membership and socioeconomic status was also identified. Conclusions: Examination of neighborhood characteristics associated with COVID-19 incidence can identify inequalities and generate hypotheses for future studies.
Entities:
Keywords:
COVID-19; air pollution; oxidative stress
Authors: Eric Lavigne; Niilo Ryti; Antonio Gasparrini; Francesco Sera; Scott Weichenthal; Hong Chen; Teresa To; Greg J Evans; Liu Sun; Aman Dheri; Lionnel Lemogo; Serge Olivier Kotchi; Dave Stieb Journal: Thorax Date: 2022-03-31 Impact factor: 9.139
Authors: Tiana C Lopes Moreira; Adriana Ladeira de Araújo; Thais Mauad; Nelson Gouveia; Juliana Carvalho Ferreira; Marta Imamura; Rodolfo F Damiano; Michelle L Garcia; Marcio Vy Sawamura; Fabio R Pinna; Bruno F Guedes; Fabio A Rodrigues Gonçalves; Marcio Mancini; Emmanuel A Burdmann; Demóstenes Ferreira da Silva Filho; Jefferson Lordello Polizel; Ricardo F Bento; Vanderson Rocha; Ricardo Nitrini; Heraldo Possolo de Souza; Anna S Levin; Esper G Kallas; Orestes V Forlenza; Geraldo F Busatto; Linamara R Batistella; Carlos R Ribeiro de Carvalho Journal: J Glob Health Date: 2022-08-09 Impact factor: 7.664