INTRODUCTION: Metropolitan cities in the United States (US) suffer from higher rates of gun violence. However, the specific structural factors associated with increased gun violence are poorly defined. We hypothesized that firearm homicide in metropolitan cities would be impacted by black-white segregation index (SI). METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 51 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using data from 2013-2017. Several measures of structural racism were examined, including the Brooking Institute's black-white SI. Demographic data was derived from the US Census Bureau, US Department of Education, and US Department of Labor. Crime data and firearm homicide mortality (FM) rates were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Centers for Disease Control. Spearman's Rho and linear regression were performed. RESULTS: Firearm mortality was associated with multiple measures of structural racism and racial disparity, including white-black SI, unemployment rate, poverty rate, single parent household, percent black population, and crime rates. In regression analysis, percentage black population exhibited the strongest association with FM (β=0.42, p<0.001). Black-white segregation index (β=0.41, p=0.001) and percent children living in single-parent households (β=0.41, p=0.002) were also associated with higher FM. Firearm legislation scores were associated with lower FM (β=-0.20 p=0.02). High school and college graduation rates were not associated with FM and were not included in the final model. CONCLUSION: Firearm homicide disproportionately impacts communities of color and is associated with measures of structural racism, such as white-black SI. Public health interventions targeting gun violence must address these systemic inequities. Furthermore, given the association between firearm mortality and single-parent households, intervention programs for at-risk youth may be particularly effective. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; Retrospective Epidemiological Study.
INTRODUCTION: Metropolitan cities in the United States (US) suffer from higher rates of gun violence. However, the specific structural factors associated with increased gun violence are poorly defined. We hypothesized that firearm homicide in metropolitan cities would be impacted by black-white segregation index (SI). METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 51 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using data from 2013-2017. Several measures of structural racism were examined, including the Brooking Institute's black-white SI. Demographic data was derived from the US Census Bureau, US Department of Education, and US Department of Labor. Crime data and firearm homicide mortality (FM) rates were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Centers for Disease Control. Spearman's Rho and linear regression were performed. RESULTS: Firearm mortality was associated with multiple measures of structural racism and racial disparity, including white-black SI, unemployment rate, poverty rate, single parent household, percent black population, and crime rates. In regression analysis, percentage black population exhibited the strongest association with FM (β=0.42, p<0.001). Black-white segregation index (β=0.41, p=0.001) and percent children living in single-parent households (β=0.41, p=0.002) were also associated with higher FM. Firearm legislation scores were associated with lower FM (β=-0.20 p=0.02). High school and college graduation rates were not associated with FM and were not included in the final model. CONCLUSION: Firearm homicide disproportionately impacts communities of color and is associated with measures of structural racism, such as white-black SI. Public health interventions targeting gun violence must address these systemic inequities. Furthermore, given the association between firearm mortality and single-parent households, intervention programs for at-risk youth may be particularly effective. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; Retrospective Epidemiological Study.
Authors: Rebeccah L Sokol; Trina Kumodzi; Rebecca M Cunningham; Kenneth Resnicow; Madeleine Steiger; Maureen Walton; Marc A Zimmerman; Patrick M Carter Journal: Prev Med Date: 2021-12-01 Impact factor: 4.018
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Authors: Iman N Afif; Ariana N Gobaud; Christopher N Morrison; Sara F Jacoby; Zoë Maher; Elizabeth D Dauer; Elinore J Kaufman; Thomas A Santora; Jeffrey H Anderson; Abhijit Pathak; Lars Ola Sjoholm; Amy J Goldberg; Jessica H Beard Journal: Prev Med Date: 2022-03-14 Impact factor: 4.637