| Literature DB >> 33795902 |
Mario Alain Herrera1,2, Luis Fernando Tintinago3, William Victoria Morales3, Carlos A Ordoñez1,4,5, Michael W Parra6, Mateo Betancourt-Cajiao7, Yaset Caicedo8, Mónica Guzmán-Rodríguez9, Linda M Gallego5, Adolfo González Hadad1,2,10, Luis Fernando Pino1,2, José Julián Serna1,2,4,5, Alberto García1,4,5, Carlos Serna1, Fabian Hernández-Medina1,2.
Abstract
Laryngotracheal trauma is rare but potentially life-threatening as it implies a high risk of compromising airway patency. A consensus on damage control management for laryngotracheal trauma is presented in this article. Tracheal injuries require a primary repair. In the setting of massive destruction, the airway patency must be assured, local hemostasis and control measures should be performed, and definitive management must be deferred. On the other hand, management of laryngeal trauma should be conservative, primary repair should be chosen only if minimal disruption, otherwise, management should be delayed. Definitive management must be carried out, if possible, in the first 24 hours by a multidisciplinary team conformed by trauma and emergency surgery, head and neck surgery, otorhinolaryngology, and chest surgery. Conservative management is proposed as the damage control strategy in laryngotracheal trauma.Entities:
Keywords: cricoid cartilage; laryngeal edema; laryngotracheal trauma; larynx; neck injuries; neck trauma; penetrating trauma; subcutaneous emphysema; thyroid cartilage; tracheostomy
Year: 2020 PMID: 33795902 PMCID: PMC7968428 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i4.4422.4599
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Schaeffer-Furhrmans classification of laryngeal injuries
| Grade of laryngeal injury | Description of the injury |
|---|---|
| I | Minor endolaryngeal hematoma, without detectable fracture |
| II | Edema, hematoma, minor mucosal disruption without exposed cartilage, and nondisplaced fractures |
| III | Massive endolaryngeal edema, extensive mucosal lacerations, exposed cartilage, displaced fracture or vocal cord immobility |
| IV | Same as grade III, but with anterior larynx disruption, unstable fractures, > 2 fracture lines or severe mucosal injury |
| V | Complete laryngotracheal disruption |
Figure 1Surgical Approach to the Larynx or Tracheal Injuries. Three incisions can be used for the surgical approach to the laryngotracheal area: 1. Longitudinal Cervicotomy (over the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (red line)), 2. Transverse Cervicotomy (the Kocher type incision, 3 cm above the sternal manubrium (green line)), and if necessary, a 3. Partial sternotomy (blue line).
Figure 2Airway Management. Orotracheal intubation is the preferred strategy to secure the airway. It must be performed through direct vision, placing the balloon distal to the lesion and without applying pressure on the cricoid cartilage.
Figure 3Severe Laryngeal Trauma. Grade IV Shaefer-Furhman Laryngeal Injury. Multiple fractures with massive mucosal injury can be observed.
Figure 4Surgical Management of Tracheal Injuries. For tracheal injuries with partial disruption of the tracheal ring, a primary repair should be performed with absorbable monofilament 3-0 using interrupted sutures.
Clasificación de la severidad anatómica del trauma laríngeo según Schaefer-Fuhrman
| Grado de lesión laríngea | Descripción de la lesión |
|---|---|
| I | Hematoma endolaríngeo menor, sin fractura detectable |
| II | Edema, hematoma, mínima disrupción mucosa sin exposición de cartílago o fracturas no desplazadas |
| III | Edema endolaríngeo masivo, laceraciones mucosas extensas, cartílago expuesto, fractura desplazada o inmovilidad de cuerda vocal |
| IV | Idéntico al grado III, pero con disrupción de la laringe anterior, fracturas inestables, > 2 líneas de fractura o injuria de mucosa severa |
| V | Disrupción laringotraqueal completa. |
Figura 1Enfoques quirúrgicos de la laringe y tráquea. Las incisiones para el enfoque quirúrgico del cuello pueden ser a través de cervicotomía longitudinal sobre el borde medial del musculo esternocleidomastoideo (línea roja), cervicotomía transversal en collar tipo Kocher a 3 cm por encima del manubrio esternal (línea verde). En algunas ocasiones requiere extender la incisión a nivel esternal con una esternotomía parcial (línea azul).
Figura 2Manejo de la vía aérea. Intubación orotraqueal como primera medida para asegurar vía aérea. Está debe ser realizada mediante visión directa y ubicando el balón distal a la lesión sin realizar presión sobre el cricoides
Figura 3Trauma Laríngeo Severo. Trauma Laríngeo grado III según la clasificación de severidad anatómica de Schaeffer-Fuhrman. Se observa una lesión de la mucosa laríngea con compromiso del cartílago tiroideo
Figura 4Manejo quirúrgico del trauma de tráquea. El manejo del trauma traqueal con disrupción parcial del anillo traqueal debe ser el reparo primario a través de sutura con puntos simples de material absorbible monofilamento o vicryl 3-0.
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| Laryngotracheal trauma is rare but potentially life-threatening. A consensus on damage control management for laryngotracheal trauma is presented in this article. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| The priority in laryngotracheal damage control is to secure the airway and identify the severity of the lesion. Definitive management must be carried out in the first 24 hours by a multidisciplinary team. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| The consensus allows to make an opportune decision between a primary repair or a conservative approach, which includes an optimal metabolic resuscitation and posterior definitive management within the first 24 hours. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| El trauma laringotraqueal es poco común pero potencialmente fatal. Se presenta un consenso sobre el manejo de control de daños del trauma laringotraqueal. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| La prioridad en el control de daños del trauma laringotraqueal es asegurar la vía aérea e identificar la severidad de la lesión. El manejo definitivo debe ser realizado en las primeras 24 horas por un equipo multidisciplinario. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| El presente consenso permite la toma de decisión oportuna entre un reparo primario o un manejo conservador que incluye la optimización metabólica y un manejo quirúrgico definitivo diferido en las primeras 24 horas. |