Gangliosides and other lipids of the growth cone membrane.

Growth cone membranes, derived from growth cone particles isolated from 16- to 18-day-old fetal rat brain, were found to be rich in overall lipid content with a lipid-to-protein ratio of 3.5. The phospholipid-to-cholesterol ratio indicated considerably less cholesterol than plasma membranes from mature neurons. All major classes of phospholipid were present in the usual proportions except sphingomyelin, which could not be detected. Gangliosides expressed in relation to protein were present at somewhat higher levels compared to previously reported values for synaptic plasma membranes (73 versus 44 micrograms/mg protein), but when related to phospholipid their level was well below that of the latter (26 versus 62 micrograms/mg phospholipid). The ganglioside pattern was generally similar to that of mature synaptic membranes except for the presence of relatively more GD3 and less GD1a, a phenomenon also observed in whole fetal brain of the same age. Several neutral glycosphingolipids were detected, glucosylceramide being the major one of this group. Their total level in growth cone membranes was roughly comparable to that of gangliosides, but unlike the latter their concentration in whole brain decreased with development. For comparison we analyzed the ganglioside composition of mixed membrane fractions from the same fetal brains and found no significant differences between these and growth cone membranes, suggesting that these glycoconjugates are not localized specifically in the growth cones. Neutral glycosphingolipids, on the other hand, appeared somewhat more concentrated in growth cones than in the mixed membranes.