Prevalence of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors in the Korean general population: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The health burden of chronic liver disease is increasing worldwide. Its main histological consequence is liver fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis. This process is rarely diagnosed at the pre-cirrhotic stage due to it being asymptomatic. Little is known about the prevalence of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors in the general population. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of liver fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), as well as the risk factors associated with liver fibrosis in the asymptomatic general population. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional retrospective study consecutively selected subjects who underwent health check-ups including MRE at 13 health promotion centres in Korea between 2018 and 2020. Liver fibrosis was estimated using MRE with cut-off values for significant and advanced liver fibrosis of 2.90 and 3.60 kPa, respectively. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The Χ2 test was used to compare the prevalence of liver fibrosis according to sex and age groups. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors for significant and advanced liver fibrosis.
RESULTS: Among the 8183 subjects, 778 (9.5%) had ≥significant fibrosis (≥2.9 kPa), which included 214 (2.6%) subjects with ≥advanced fibrosis (≥3.6 kPa). Multivariable analysis revealed that liver fibrosis was associated with age (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.18 to 1.51), male sex (OR=3.18, 95% CI=1.97 to 5.13), diabetes (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.8 to 3.28), HBsAg positivity (OR=3.49, 95% CI=2.55 to 4.79), abnormal liver function test (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.49 to 2.42) and obesity (OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.35 to 2.32) (all p<0.001), as well as metabolic syndrome (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.87) (p=0.024).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of significant or more liver fibrosis was high in the Korean general population and much higher among individuals with risk factors. This suggests that screening of liver fibrosis should be considered in general population, especially among high-risk groups. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

The strength of this study lies in enrolling a large number of subjects (N=8183) and wide range of subjects’ age (range 19–85 years).

Liver fibrosis was estimated using the magnetic resonance elastography, which is a reliable non-invasive method for defining liver fibrosis in health check-ups.

This study involves chronic liver disease, which is an important public health concern.

This study had a cross-sectional design, and so further studies are needed to track the changes in liver fibrosis after applying interventions and to monitor long-term outcomes.

Introduction

Cirrhosis is the 12th most common cause of death in the world.1 The major histological consequence of chronic liver disease is the deposition of collagen fibres that causes progressive liver fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis.2 3 Since chronic liver disease progresses to cirrhosis very slowly and asymptomatically, the disease is rarely diagnosed in the early stage of the liver fibrosis. The associated mortality and morbidity rates increase exponentially once cirrhosis develops,4 and so chronic liver disease should ideally be diagnosed before cirrhosis develops or during the early stage of liver fibrosis, particularly in the community setting.5 The ability to accurately diagnose liver fibrosis early would allow identification of causal factors responsible for liver fibrosis and subsequent application of specific interventions.6

Epidemiological studies assessing the prevalence of liver fibrosis and the associated risk factors in the general population are essential to designing effective screening strategies for the early diagnosis of liver fibrosis. However, few studies have focused on the prevalence of liver fibrosis and the associated risk factors in the general population. Many studies have analysed liver biopsy results in specific populations. However, a liver biopsy is an invasive procedure and so the subjects in such studies are rarely representative of the at-risk general population.

Non-invasive techniques have been developed recently to replace the need for liver biopsy. One of these techniques is magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), which findings are strongly associated with the histological stages of liver fibrosis.7–10 However, another limitation of previous studies is that they have investigated the prevalence of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors only in restricted age groups,11 12 selected disease groups such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)13 or alcoholic liver disease.14

Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of liver fibrosis as estimated using MRE, as well as the factors associated with liver fibrosis in the Korean general population.

Methods

Subjects

This cross-sectional retrospective study consecutively selected subjects who underwent health check-up including MRE at 13 health promotion centres in Korea between January 2018 and June 2020. The 13 health promotion centres belong to the Korea Association of Health Promotion. The 16 health promotion centres belong to the Korea Association of Health Promotion. Korea has a national health insurance system (NHIS) that covers the entire population of Korea and provides biennial medical examinations. These 16 health promotion centres perform about 10% of the health check-ups that are provided by the NHIS in Korea. Among the 16 health promotion centres, the 13 health promotion centres that have been installed MRE were selected for the present study (figure 1). The self-reported personal medical history, subjective symptoms and signs, and lifestyle information were obtained from all participants at the time of health check-ups. Their medical records were also reviewed. The exclusion criteria were a history of malignancy, stroke or myocardial infarction.

Figure 1

Map showing the location of 16 health promotion centres of the Korea Association of Health Promotion. Shading shows 13 health promotion centres selected in the study.

Out of 8300 eligible subjects, 8183 were analysed (figure 2). Excessive alcohol consumption was defined as drinking ≥14 and ≥7 standard units/week in men and women, respectively.15 Informed consent was waived as deidentified data and retrieved data from the past data of health check-ups were used.

Figure 2

Flow chart of the study. MRE, magnetic resonance elastography.

MRE examination

All MRE examinations were performed on either MRE hardware (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA) with a 1.5-T imaging system or 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance unit (Gyroscan Intera, Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) using a four-element torso coil. The two-dimensional MRE protocols used were similar to those described previously in the literature.16 17 The liver stiffness (LS) values of the hepatic parenchyma were measured using MRE by placing four regions of interest (ROIs) on the elastogram. ROIs were determined by the attending radiologists. All ROIs were drawn in the area indicated to have a high confidence and good signal-to-noise ratio, with stiffness outliers excluded on the confidence map18 and then copied to the corresponding position on stiffness maps that provided stiffness values in kilopascals. After reconfirming whether the ROIs were adequately placed in the right liver lobe, the LS value was calculated as the median value in multiple ROIs.

The cut-off values for liver fibrosis using MRE in the current study were 1.94, 2.90 and 3.6 kPa for fibrosis stage F1 (mild fibrosis), F2 (significant fibrosis) and ≥F3 (advanced fibrosis), respectively.19–21 The cut-offs of abnormal aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for both men and women were defined as >33 U/L and >38 U/L, respectively.22

Laboratory measurements

Venous blood was drawn after an overnight fast for health check-ups that included the complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical measurements. The CBC and biochemical parameters were measured using the Sysmex XE-2100D analyser (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) and the Hitachi 7600 analyser (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), respectively.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V.9.4 (SAS Institute). Data are presented as mean (SD) or frequency (percentage) values. The Χ2 test was used to compare the prevalence of liver fibrosis according to sex and age groups. Differences among the four liver fibrosis groups were analysed using one-way analysis of variance for means, and the Χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test for frequencies. Univariate (crude) and multivariable (adjusted) logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors contributing to significant and advanced liver fibrosis. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Patient and public involvement

Patients were not involved in the recruitment to and conduct of the study. Results will be disseminated to study participants through annual information events.

Results

Characteristics of study subjects

The characteristics of the 8183 study subjects are listed in table 1. Mean age of the study subjects was 46.9±10.5 years (range 28–82 years). The study subjects included 6489 men (79.3%). The age distribution was as follows: 335 (4.1%) aged <30 years, 1785 (21.8%) aged 30–39 years, 2700 (33.0%) aged 40–49 years, 2241 (27.4%) aged 50–59 years, 939 (11.5%) aged 60–69 years, and 183 (2.2%) aged ≥70 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.8 kg/m2. The prevalence rates of T2DM, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonography were 11.2%, 16.4%, 21.9% and 38.9%, respectively.

Table 1

Characteristics of the study subjects

Variables	Total
	(N=8183)
Age, year	47.2±10.8
Sex, male Male	6489 (79.3)
BMI, kg/m²	24.8±3.3
Overweight,≥23 to<25 kg/m²	2010 (26)
Obese,≥25 kg/m²	3531 (45.6)
Abdominal obesity *	2567 (32.4)
Diabetes	899 (11.2)
Hypertension	1313 (16.4)
Metabolic syndrome	1727 (21.9)
Excessive alcohol consumption	1958 (36.9)
Current or former smoking	3164 (59.5)
Fatty liver by ultrasonography	3182 (38.9)
PLT count,×109/L	245.3±53.5
Albumin, g/dL	4.52±0.28
AST, U/L	31.4±32.8
ALT, U/L	33.5±46.3
GGT, U/L	55.5±78.1
AST and/or ALT>ULN †	2487 (31)
FBS, mg/dL	100.0±21.9
HbA1c, %	5.8±0.8
TC, mg/dL	200.4±38.5
TG, mg/dL	144.8±117
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	53.1±13
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	118.7±35.2
HBs Ag positivity	493 (8.6)
Anti-HCV positivity	11 (0.3)
magnetic resonance elastography
Normal,<1.94 kPa	1631 (19.9)
Mild fibrosis, 1.94–2.90 kPa	5774 (70.6)
Significant fibrosis, 2.91–3.59 kPa	564 (6.9)
Advanced fibrosis,≥3.60 kPa	214 (2.6)

Data are mean±SD or N (%) values.

Frequencies might not add up to 100% due to missing data.

*Abdominal obesity: ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women.

†ULN was 33 U/L for AST and 38 U/L for ALT.

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PLT, platelet; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ULN, upper limit of normal.

Distribution of liver fibrosis values

The distribution of liver fibrosis values as assessed using MRE in the study population is shown in figure 3. The overall LS was 2.34±0.58 kPa, with a median of 2.27 kPa (range=0.47–9.55 kPa). Among the 8183 subjects, 1631 (19.9%), 5774 (70.6%), 564 (6.9%) and 214 (2.6%) had normal LS, mild fibrosis, significant fibrosis and advanced fibrosis, respectively (table 1).

Figure 3

Distribution of liver fibrosis as measured using MRE among the study subjects. MRE, magnetic resonance elastography.

Prevalence of ≥significant liver fibrosis according to age and sex

The prevalence rate of ≥significant liver fibrosis according to age and sex was summarised in table 2. The overall prevalence of ≥significant liver fibrosis in the population was 9.5% (95% CI=8.9% to 10.1%): 10.6% (95% CI=9.8% to 11.3%) for men and 5.4% (95% CI=4.3% to 6.5%) for women. The prevalence rates of liver fibrosis increased rapidly with age in men and women from their 40s and 50s, respectively. In each age group, the prevalence of ≥significant liver fibrosis was higher in men than in women. The prevalence of ≥significant liver fibrosis in both sexes increased gradually with age, reaching 15.3% among those aged ≥70 years.

Table 2

Prevalence of liver fibrosis (≥F2) according to age and sex

Age, years	Overall				Men				Women
	N	Prevalence (%)	95% CI	P value	N	Prevalence (%)	95% CI	P value	N	Prevalence	95% CI	P value
Total	8183	9.5	8.9 to 10.1		6489	10.6	9.8 to 11.3		1694	5.4	4.3 to 6.5
<30	335	3.9	1.8 to 6.0	<0.001	245	5.3	2.5 to 8.1	<0.001	90	0	–	<0.001
30–39	1785	6.6	5.4 to 7.7		1414	7.4	6.1 to 8.8		371	3.2	1.4 to 5.0
40–49	2700	8.9	7.8 to 10.0		2207	10.1	8.8 to 11.3		493	3.7	2.0 to 5.3
50–59	2241	11.7	10.4 to 13.1		1808	12.9	11.4 to 14.5		433	6.7	4.3 to 9.1
60–69	939	12.5	10.4 to 14.6		684	13.5	10.9 to 16		255	9.8	6.2 to 13.5
≥70	183	15.3	10.1 to 20.5		131	16.0	9.8 to 22.3		52	13.5	4.2 to 22.7

Data are N or % values.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects according to liver fibrosis stage using MRE

The prevalence rates of obesity, T2DM, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, HBsAg positivity and fatty liver were significantly higher in subjects with higher liver fibrosis stages (all p<0.001) (table 3). Those with significant or advanced fibrosis (stage ≥F2) were predominantly men and had higher BMI, AST, ALT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, fasting blood sugar and triglyceride levels compared with subjects with normal LS (stage F0) (p<0.001) (table 4).

Table 3

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects according to liver fibrosis category using MRE

Variables	Normal(<1.94 kPa)	Mild fibrosis(1.94–2.90 kPa)	Significant fibrosis(2.91–3.59 kPa)	Advanced fibrosis(≥3.60 kPa)	P
Age, years	46.0±10.5a	47.2±10.8b	49.4± 10.3c	52.4±10.9d	<0.001
Sex, male	1085 (66.6)	4717 (81.7)	501 (88.8)	186 (86.9)	<0.001
BMI, kg/m²	24±3.1a	24.9±3.2b	26.2± 3.5c	26.1± 3.9c	<0.001
Overweight,≥23 to<25 kg/m²	423 (27.7)	1439 (26.3)	111 (20.8)	37 (18.8)	<0.001
Obese,≥25 kg/m²	513 (33.6)	2563 (46.8)	338 (63.3)	117 (59.4)
Abdominal obesity†	387 (24.3)	1806 (32.4)	276 (50.7)	98 (48.8)	<0.001
Diabetes	101 (6.3)	610 (10.8)	105 (19.1)	83 (41.1)	<0.001
Hypertension	213 (13.3)	928 (16.4)	116 (21.1)	56 (27.6)	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome	260 (16.4)	1202 (21.6)	192 (35.2)	73 (36.5)	<0.001
Excessive alcohol consumption	386 (36.1)	1394 (37.1)	133 (38.2)	45 (34.6)	0.837
Current or former smoking	578 (54)	2273 (60.3)	225 (64.7)	88 (67.7)	<0.001
Fatty liver	521 (31.9)	2302 (39.9)	270 (47.9)	89 (41.6)	<0.001
PLT count,×10 9/L	254.3±53.8d	245.1± 51.5c	234.7±56.4b	205.9±71.3a	<0.001
Albumin, g/dL	4.54± 0.28c	4.52±0.27b, c	4.49±0.27b	4.41±0.33a	<0.001
AST, U/L	27.9±12.5a	30.2±33.5a	38.2±30.7b	73.2± 73.3c	<0.001
ALT, U/L	27.6±19.2a	32.4±46.2b	44.7± 52.9c	79.8±109.5d	<0.001
GGT, U/L	42.0±49.6a	52.4±54.9b	77.2± 126.9c	188.5±270.4d	<0.001
AST and/or ALT>ULN‡	392 (24.5)	1686 (29.8)	252 (45.7)	157 (77)	<0.001
FBS, mg/dL	97.3±19.2a	99.6±21.2b	105.9± 25.9c	116.4±35.1d	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.7±0.6a	5.8±0.8b	6± 0.9c	6.3±1.3d	<0.001
TC, mg/dL	204.5± 37.0c	200.0±38.5b	195.3±38.6a, b	190.2±44.6a	<0.001
TG, mg/dL	129.7±97.6a	146.9±120.6b	161.9± 117.3c	159.9±138.7b, c	<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	55.4± 13.1c	52.8±12.9b	50±12.1a	49.8±13.9a	<0.001
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	123.3± 34.6c	118.3±35b	113.5±36a	108.7±39a	<0.001
HBs Ag positivity	67 (5.5)	314 (7.9)	68 (16.4)	44 (32.4)	<0.001
Anti-HCV positivity	3 (0.3)	7 (0.3)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	0.821

Data are mean±SD or N (%) values.

Frequencies might not add up to 100% due to missing data.

a, b, c, d: Different letters indicate a significant difference between groups based on Scheffe’s multiple-comparisons test.

*P values were derived from one-way ANOVA, the Χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test.

†Abdominal obesity: ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women.

‡ULN was 33 U/L for AST and 38 U/L for ALT.

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; PLT, platelet; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ULN, upper limit of normal.

Table 4

Clinical characteristics of study subjects with and without significant and advanced liver fibrosis

Variables	Significant fibrosis (≥F2)		P value	Advanced fibrosis (≥F3)		P value
	≤2.90 kPa	>2.90 kPa		<3.60 kPa	≥3.60 kPa
Age, year	46.9±10.8	50.3±10.6	<0.001	47.1±10.7	52.7±10.9	<0.001
Sex, male	5802 (78.4)	687 (88.3)	<0.001	6303 (79.1)	186 (86.9)	0.005
BMI, kg/m²	24.7±3.2	26.2±3.6	<0.001	24.8±3.2	26.2±3.9	<0.001
Overweight, ≥23–<25 kg/m²	1862 (26.6)	148 (20.3)	<0.001	1973 (26.2)	37 (18.8)	<0.001
Obese, ≥25 kg/m²	3076 (43.9)	455 (62.2)		3414 (45.3)	117 (59.4)
Abdominal obesity*	2193 (30.6)	374 (50.2)	<0.001	2469 (32)	98 (48.8)	<0.001
Diabetes	711 (9.8)	188 (25)	<0.001	816 (10.5)	83 (41.1)	<0.001
Hypertension	1141 (15.7)	172 (22.9)	<0.001	1257 (16.1)	56 (27.6)	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome	1462 (20.4)	265 (35.6)	<0.001	1654 (21.5)	73 (36.5)	<0.001
Excessive alcohol consumption	1780 (36.9)	178 (37.2)	0.868	1913 (36.9)	45 (34.6)	0.587
Current or former smoking	2851 (58.9)	313 (65.5)	0.005	3076 (59.3)	88 (67.7)	0.054
Fatty liver	2823 (38.1)	359 (46.1)	<0.001	3093 (38.8)	89 (41.6)	0.411
PLT count, ×10³ μ/L	247.1±52.2	227.1±61.9	<0.001	246.3 ±52.6	205.9±71.3	<0.001
Albumin, g/dL	4.53±0.27	4.47±0.29	<0.001	4.52±0.27	4.41±0.33	<0.001
AST, U/L	29.7±30.2	47.6±48.8	<0.001	30.3±30.3	73.2±73.3	<0.001
ALT, U/L	31.3±41.8	54.2±74.2	<0.001	32.3±42.8	79.8±109.5	<0.001
GGT, U/L	50.1±53.9	107.2±184.1	<0.001	52.0±62.3	188.5±270.4	<0.001
AST and/or ALT >ULN†	2078 (28.6)	409 (54.2)	<0.001	2330 (29.8)	157 (77)	<0.001
FBS, mg/dL	99.1±20.8	108.7±29	<0.001	99.6±21.2	116.4±35.1	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.8±0.8	6.1±1.0	<0.001	5.8±0.8	6.3±1.3	<0.001
TC, mg/dL	201.0±38.2	194.0±40.3	<0.001	200.6±38.3	190.2±44.6	0.002
TG, mg/dL	143.1±116.2	161.4±123.2	<0.001	144.4±116.3	159.9±138.7	0.113
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	53.4±13	50±12.6	<0.001	53.2±12.9	49.8±13.9	0.001
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	119.4±35	112.2±36.9	<0.001	119±35.1	108.7±39	<0.001
HBsAg positivity	381 (7.3)	112 (20.4)	<0.001	449 (8)	44 (32.4)	<0.001
Anti-HCV positivity	10 (0.3)	1 (0.3)	1.000	11 (0.3)	0 (0)	1.000

Data are mean±SD or N (%) values.

Frequencies might not add up to 100% due to missing data.

P values for the t-test, the Χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test.

*Abdominal obesity: ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women.

†ULN was 33 U/L for AST and 38 U/L for ALT.

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PLT, platelet; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ULN, upper limit of normal.

Factors associated with liver fibrosis

In a univariate model, older age, male sex, current or former smoking, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, T2DM, fatty liver, abnormal liver function test (LFT), HBsAg positivity and metabolic syndrome were associated with ≥significant liver fibrosis (all p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, age (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.18 to 1.51), male sex (OR=3.18, 95% CI=1.97 to 5.13), T2DM (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.8 to 3.28), HBsAg positivity (OR=3.49, 95% CI=2.55 to 4.79), abnormal LFT (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.49 to 2.42) and obesity (OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.35 to 2.32) (all p<0.001), as well as metabolic syndrome (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.87) (p=0.024) were associated with ≥significant liver fibrosis. The risk factors associated with advanced liver fibrosis were older age (OR=1.39, 95% CI=1.09 to 1.79) (p=0.009), T2DM (OR=4.37, 95% CI=2.56 to 7.45), HBsAg positivity (OR=7.27, 95% CI=4.32 to 12.25) and abnormal LFT (OR=5.3, 95% CI=3.15 to 8.93 (all p<0.001). While current or former smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and fatty liver were associated with ≥significant liver fibrosis in a univariate model, these associations disappeared in the multivariable model (table 5).

Table 5

Factors associated with increased liver fibrosis in multivariable logistic regression analysis

Variables	Significant fibrosis (2.9 kPa)				Advanced fibrosis (3.6 kPa)
	Model 1*		Model 2†		Model 1*		Model 2†
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age, per 10 years	1.33 (1.25 to 1.43)	<0.001	1.34 (1.18 to 1.51)	<0.001	1.60 (1.42 to 1.81)	<0.001	1.39 (1.09 to 1.79)	0.009
Sex, male	2.09 (1.67 to 2.61)	<0.001	3.18 (1.97 to 5.13)	<0.001	1.76 (1.18 to 2.62)	0.006	1.30 (0.57 to 2.98)	0.540
Current or former smoking	1.32 (1.09 to 1.61)	0.005	0.77 (0.58 to 1.00)	0.054	1.44 (0.99 to 2.09)	0.055	0.97 (0.55 to 1.72)	0.913
Excessive alcohol consumption	1.02 (0.84 to 1.24)	0.867	1.11 (0.87 to 1.43)	0.409	0.90 (0.63 to 1.30)	0.587	1.23 (0.75 to 2.02)	0.408
Obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m²)	2.11 (1.8 to 2.47)	<0.001	1.77 (1.35 to 2.32)	<0.001	1.77 (1.33 to 2.36)	<0.001	1.25 (0.72 to 2.15)	0.427
Hypertension	1.59 (1.32 to 1.9)	<0.001	0.83 (0.62 to 1.11)	0.217	1.98 (1.45 to 2.71)	<0.001	0.60 (0.34 to 1.05)	0.075
Dyslipidaemia	1.19 (1.01 to 1.4)	0.035	0.81 (0.62 to 1.05)	0.112	1.00 (0.74 to 1.36)	0.987	0.83 (0.49 to 1.39)	0.471
Diabetes	3.07 (2.56 to 3.68)	<0.001	2.43 (1.8 to 3.28)	<0.001	5.97 (4.47 to 7.97)	<0.001	4.37 (2.56 to 7.45)	<0.001
Fatty liver	1.39 (1.2 to 1.61)	<0.001	0.84 (0.65 to 1.09)	0.184	1.12 (0.85 to 1.48)	0.411	0.66 (0.4 to 1.08)	0.098
Abnormal LFT‡	2.95 (2.54 to 3.44)	<0.001	1.9 (1.49 to 2.42)	<0.001	7.87 (5.66 to 10.94)	<0.001	5.30 (3.15 to 8.93)	<0.001
HBsAg positivity	3.23 (2.56 to 4.07)	<0.001	3.49 (2.55 to 4.79)	<0.001	5.49 (3.79 to 7.97)	<0.001	7.27 (4.32 to 12.25)	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome	2.15 (1.83 to 2.53)	<0.001	1.40 (1.05 to 1.87)	0.024	2.10 (1.57 to 2.82)	<0.001	1.51 (0.85 to 2.68)	0.162

*Model 1: univariate logistic regression.

†Model 2: multivariable logistic regression.

‡Abnormal LFT, AST >33 U/L and/or ALT >38 U/L, dyslipidaemia, TG >199 mg/dL or HDL cholesterol ≤32 mg/dL or LDL cholesterol >159 mg/dL.

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LFT, liver function test; TG, triglycerides.

Prevalence rates of liver fibrosis in the risk group of liver fibrosis

The prevalence rates of ≥significant liver fibrosis in different risk groups are shown in figure 4. The prevalence rates of ≥significant liver fibrosis were 22.4%, 20.9%, 16.5%, 15.3%, 12.9% and 11.3% among subjects with HBsAg positivity, diabetes mellitus, abnormal LFT, metabolic syndrome, obesity and fatty liver, respectively (figure 4).

Figure 4

Mean and 95% CI values for the prevalence of liver fibrosis (≥F2) using MRE according to risk factors. *Abnormal LFT: AST>33 U/L and/or ALT >38 U/L. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; LFT, liver function test; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Discussion

This study found that the prevalence of clinically significant liver fibrosis as estimated using MRE was high (9.5%) in the general population, and much higher among individuals with risk factors such as older age, male sex, HBsAg positivity, abnormal LFTs, T2DM, obesity and metabolic syndrome in the community setting. This study had the following strengths: (1) enrolling a large number of subjects (N=8183); (2) using the MRE, which is a reliable non-invasive method for defining liver fibrosis in health check-ups; and (3) involving chronic liver disease, which is an important public health concern.

There have been only a few reports of the results of screening for liver fibrosis in the general population, with the prevalence of liver fibrosis ranging from 2.0% to 27%.11 13 14 23 All of these studies used transient elastography (TE) to estimate liver fibrosis, but the prevalence varied depending on the LS threshold, the characteristics of the study subjects and the estimated outcome of liver fibrosis. In a Europe-based study,24 the estimated prevalence rates were 9.0%, 5.8% and 3.6% for TE cut-offs of ≥6.8, ≥8.0 and ≥9.0 kPa, respectively. In a study from France,25 7.5% of 1190 subjects older than 45 years without previously known liver disease who underwent medical check-ups had LS values >8 kPa in TE (suggestive of stage ≥F2), while 0.7% had LS values >13 kPa (suggestive of cirrhosis).

The prevalence of significant liver fibrosis in the current study population ranged from 9.5% to 2.6% for cut-off LS values of 2.90 and 3.60 kPa, respectively. The prevalence of the advanced liver fibrosis using Fibrosis-4 Index with cut-off ≥2.67 was 2.9% in the current study population (data not shown). We used MRE as a screening tool for liver fibrosis, which provides a highly accurate measurement of LS non-invasively. MRE is characterised by high interobserver reliability and it overcomes limitations of interpreting TE findings due to obesity or ascites, making it highly applicable.7–10 Xiao et al26 reported that the diagnostic accuracy of MRE was significantly higher than that of TE for both cirrhosis and significant fibrosis. However, very few studies have investigated the prevalence of liver fibrosis using MRE in the general population. Huwart et al20 proposed a cut-off LS value of 2.5 kPa for significant fibrosis (≥F2) in patients with suspicion of chronic liver disease who underwent MRE and liver biopsy. Moreover, Loomba et al21 proposed a cut-off value of 3.63 kPa for advanced fibrosis (≥F3) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Applying these cut-offs for liver fibrosis to our results suggests that 9.5% of Korean general population has ≥significant liver fibrosis, including 2.6% having advanced liver fibrosis. This finding suggests that 2.6% of the Korean general population has an increased risk of mortality, predominantly from cardiovascular and liver-related diseases.

The prevalence of significant liver fibrosis increased with age in both sexes. Older age was associated with liver fibrosis in the current study, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies.27–29 The pathophysiology of increased LS in the aged population has been proposed. The number and volume of individual hepatocytes decreased with a decline of the hepatic blood flow with ageing, which may increase the LS.30 Reduced collagenolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases might also increase the accumulation of collagen and liver fibrosis in aged livers.31 Moreover, cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating hepatic regeneration are affected by ageing.32

The current study included HBsAg-positive subjects, which revealed that HBsAg positivity was a strong predictor of ≥significant liver fibrosis. The prevalence rates of carriers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in their 40s and 50s (who comprised 60% of our subjects) were reported to be 4%–5%,33 while it was only 0.1% among those younger 19 years who have gotten vaccinations against the HBV at their perinatal period in Korea. This finding suggests that HBsAg positivity was still important potential risk for liver fibrosis in our population, whose mean age was 46.9±10.5 years.

Moreover, liver fibrosis was associated with T2DM as well as metabolic syndrome and obesity; these risk factors are also predictors of NAFLD.34 NAFLD is a frequent finding in patients with T2DM due to these two conditions sharing the underlying pathogenic mechanism of insulin resistance.35 The prevalence of ≥significant liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM was highest among risk groups other than HBsAg-positive group in our population. T2DM was a strong predictor of liver fibrosis, especially at the advanced stage. Considering the ageing population and the increasing prevalence of diabetes, a potentially modifiable risk factor such as hyperglycaemia should be targeted early for detecting insulin resistance in prevention of liver fibrosis. While a more aggressive course of NAFLD and higher risk of cirrhosis have been reported in patients with T2DM and NAFLD,36 the risk of advanced liver disease was present even in newly diagnosed patients with diabetes.37 These findings suggest the need for early screening of liver fibrosis in T2DM, perhaps at the time of the T2DM diagnosis in order to prevent further damage.

In this current study, alcohol consumption was not associated with liver fibrosis. Simple hepatic steatosis occurs in most subjects who ingest excessive amounts of alcohol or food. However, only a small percentage of these individuals will develop advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Toshikuni et al38 explained that the disease progression may be caused by environmental–host interactions such as age, gender, metabolic syndrome, ethnicity and genetic variant. Furthermore, the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease are different according to the amount of alcohol intake, type of alcoholic beverage and drinking patterns. We could not assess the details as the alcoholic history was obtained from the self-reported questionnaire including the amount of alcohol intake. In addition, there was overlap between alcohol consumption and metabolic disorders in many individuals, particularly in men.39 There is a possibility that the metabolic factors may statistically offset the effect of alcohol on the liver fibrosis in our study.

Our study has some limitations. First, no histological information on subjects assumed to have significant liver fibrosis was analysed since liver biopsies are not usually justified to confirm the histological diagnosis of liver disease in asymptomatic health examinees. Second, selection bias associated with the reasons for undergoing health check-ups including MRE might have been present. MRE was additionally performed in the subject who chose MRE examination voluntarily during health check-ups. There was a possibility that those who have more concern for their hepatic condition had an MRE examination. Third, the study subjects comprised a higher proportion of men than women. Men tend to have more concerns for hepatic condition than women in Korea, which may also cause selection bias. Nevertheless, 1694 women were included, which should have been sufficient for ensuring adequate statistical power. Fourth, the study had a cross-sectional design, and so further studies are needed to track the changes in liver fibrosis after applying interventions and to monitor long-term outcomes.

In conclusion, the prevalence of significant liver fibrosis (including advanced liver fibrosis) was high in the present asymptomatic general population. The prevalence was especially high in the individuals with risk factors such as older age, male sex, obesity, T2DM, abnormal LFT, HBsAg positivity and metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that screening of liver fibrosis should be considered in the asymptomatic general population, especially in individuals with risk factors in order to prevent the progression of liver fibrosis and reduce liver-related complications and mortality.