Maurice M Nigo1,2,3,4, Peter Odermatt5,6, David Wully Nigo7, Georgette B Salieb-Beugelaar8,9,5, Manuel Battegay5,10, Patrick R Hunziker8,9,5. 1. Nanomedicine Translation Group, Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. maurice.mutro@unibas.ch. 2. CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, P.O. Box, 4016, Basel, Switzerland. maurice.mutro@unibas.ch. 3. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland. maurice.mutro@unibas.ch. 4. Institut Supérieur Des Techniques Médicales (ISTM) Nyankunde, BP 55, Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo. maurice.mutro@unibas.ch. 5. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland. 6. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. 7. Centre Hospitalier, Ingbokolo, Democratic Republic of Congo. 8. Nanomedicine Translation Group, Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. 9. CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, P.O. Box, 4016, Basel, Switzerland. 10. Department of Infectiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Severe hepatosplenic complications arise in patients with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection after heavy exposure to disease agents in endemic areas. These complications are rarely reported and, hence, underestimated. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on eight patients with severe morbidity associated with S. mansoni infection in Ituri Province, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The patients were identified during a community-based survey in 2017; one patient was seen at the district hospital. After taking the patients' history, a clinical examination and an abdominal ultrasonographical examination were performed. S. mansoni infection was diagnosed in fecal (Kato-Katz technique) and urine (point-of-case circulating cathodic antigen test) samples. These eight patients with severe intestinal and hepatosplenic complications were identified from four villages with high S. mansoni infection prevalence and related morbidity. The patients' ages ranged from 19 to 57 years; four patients were women. Three patients reported hematemesis. Two patients were severely anemic. All patients reported non-specific abdominal symptoms, such as diarrhea (six patients), abdominal pain (seven patients), and blood in the stool (five patients), as well as weight loss (two patients). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed ascites in four patients. All patients had portal hypertension with hepatomegaly (seven patients) or splenomegaly (five patients). Of the six patients with a discernable liver parenchyma pattern, five displayed pattern F and three patient displayed pattern E. Liver parenchyma was not visible for two patients with severe ascites. An S. mansoni infection was confirmed in six patients, with infection intensity ranging from light to heavy. All S. mansoni positive patients were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight) and referred to the district hospital for follow-up. One patient with severe ascites died two weeks after we saw her. Due to security and accessibility reasons, the villages could not be visited again and the patients were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations of patients with severe schistosomiasis document the severe degree of endemicity of S. mansoni in the province and suggest an urgent need for adequate schistosomiasis control measures that target vulnerable population groups and address severe complications.
BACKGROUND: Severe hepatosplenic complications arise in patients with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection after heavy exposure to disease agents in endemic areas. These complications are rarely reported and, hence, underestimated. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on eight patients with severe morbidity associated with S. mansoni infection in Ituri Province, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The patients were identified during a community-based survey in 2017; one patient was seen at the district hospital. After taking the patients' history, a clinical examination and an abdominal ultrasonographical examination were performed. S. mansoni infection was diagnosed in fecal (Kato-Katz technique) and urine (point-of-case circulating cathodic antigen test) samples. These eight patients with severe intestinal and hepatosplenic complications were identified from four villages with high S. mansoni infection prevalence and related morbidity. The patients' ages ranged from 19 to 57 years; four patients were women. Three patients reported hematemesis. Two patients were severely anemic. All patients reported non-specific abdominal symptoms, such as diarrhea (six patients), abdominal pain (seven patients), and blood in the stool (five patients), as well as weight loss (two patients). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed ascites in four patients. All patients had portal hypertension with hepatomegaly (seven patients) or splenomegaly (five patients). Of the six patients with a discernable liver parenchyma pattern, five displayed pattern F and three patient displayed pattern E. Liver parenchyma was not visible for two patients with severe ascites. An S. mansoni infection was confirmed in six patients, with infection intensity ranging from light to heavy. All S. mansoni positive patients were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight) and referred to the district hospital for follow-up. One patient with severe ascites died two weeks after we saw her. Due to security and accessibility reasons, the villages could not be visited again and the patients were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations of patients with severe schistosomiasis document the severe degree of endemicity of S. mansoni in the province and suggest an urgent need for adequate schistosomiasis control measures that target vulnerable population groups and address severe complications.
Entities:
Keywords:
Ascites; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Hematemesis; Hepatomegaly; Intestinal schistosomiasis; Morbidity; Mortality; Severe case; Splenomegaly; Ultrasonography
Authors: Jonathan B Parr; Robert Verity; Stephanie M Doctor; Mark Janko; Kelly Carey-Ewend; Breanna J Turman; Corinna Keeler; Hannah C Slater; Amy N Whitesell; Kashamuka Mwandagalirwa; Azra C Ghani; Joris L Likwela; Antoinette K Tshefu; Michael Emch; Jonathan J Juliano; Steven R Meshnick Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2017-07-01 Impact factor: 5.226
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